Transcript here - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Perspectives on Climate-Smart Agriculture
from Across the Globe:
A Case Study of Tanzania
GACSA Webinar, 8th June 2016
Ms Shakwaanande Natai
Head of Environment Management Unit
Ministry of Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries, Tanzania
INTRODUCTION
EMBRACING CSA
IN TANZANIA
In 2015, Food Agriculture and Natural
Resources Policy Analysis Network
(FANRPAN) in partnership with the Global
Alliance on Climate Smart Agriculture
(GACSA) conducted Climate Smart Agriculture
(CSA) Case studies in Tanzania and Malawi
with the purpose of analyzing gaps in the
existing policy frameworks and identifying
relevant policy options.
The Case study covers the following:
 General overview; agriculture and climate in
the context of national economy
 Climate-Smart Agriculture intervention
 Projected impacts of existing CSA
interventions
 Challenges and opportunities for further
implementation of CSA
 Outlook/conclusion
General overview
 Tanzania’s economy is largely dependent on socio-economic








sectors such as agriculture, water, health, energy, etc which
are highly impacted by climate change
Agriculture comprises key sub-sectors of crops, livestock,
fisheries and forest resources
Contributes about 95 percent of the national food
requirements (ACRP, 2014)
Generates 24.1% of GDP
30% of exports earnings
Rich base of land and water resources, high crop diversity
Rain fed basis
Employs 75 percent of the total labor force (URT, 2013)
Climate change influence productivity/livelihood
 More than 80% of population in Tanzania
depends on climate sensitive rain-fed agriculture
as source of livelihood,
 Smallholder farmers (0.2 to 2.0 ha farm size) are
the majority and currently experiencing CC
impacts
 Reducing vulnerability of the sector to climate
change will significantly contribute to socioeconomic development and ensure food
security,
 Hence, the need to build resilience of the food
system under increased CC & V
Enabling environment for CSA in Tanzania
 Tanzania ratified the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) in 1996.
 Signatory to the Kyoto Protocol in 2000
 Two National Communications on CC under
the UNFCCC in 2003 and 2014 discussed the
effect of climate change on food security with
special emphasis on vulnerable groups
 Tanzania has about 25 policies related
to CC that are aligned to the National
Development Vision 2025 – consider
appendices
 About six of these policies directly
address issues of CSA
 National Adaptation Programme of
Action provides guidance on sectors
adaptation measures
National Initiatives
• The National Climate Change Strategy (2013)
• Presents opportunity to address climate change
adaptation and participate in the global efforts
to reduce GHG emissions in the context of
sustainable development
• Sets out strategic interventions for climate
change adaptation measures and greenhouse
gas emissions reductions
Sector Initiatives
National Agriculture Policy (2013)
Insists on
 Promoting agricultural practices that
sustain the environment through upscaling of activities that enhance the
carbon storage capacity (conservation
agriculture, agro-forestry) and
strengthening of efficient use of
renewable natural resources
Tanzania Climate Resilience Plan
Action 1
Improve agricultural land and
water management
Action 2
Accelerate uptake of climate
smart agriculture
To ensure productivity and food
security
Priority
These actions are aligned with
Tanzania Vision 2025 and the National
Development Plan and ASDPII
Action 3
Reduce impacts of climaterelated shocks through
improved risk management
Action 4
Strengthen knowledge
and systems
to target climate action
ASDP II Framework
Goal for the ASDPII
 To Contribute to the national economic growth,
reduced rural poverty and improved food and
nutrition security in Tanzania
Objective
 Transforming the agricultural sector (crops,
livestock & fisheries) towards higher productivity,
commercialization level and smallholder farmer
income for improved livelihood, food security and
nutrition.
ASDP II Components
 Sustainable Water and Land use Management
including mainstreaming resilience of sustainable
and smart farming systems
 Enhanced Agricultural Productivity by sustainable
technology generation and promotion/use
 Rural Commercialization and Value Addition to
build competitive Commodity Value Chains and
 Strengthening Agricultural Sector Enablers,
including policy framework, food security and
nutrition, institutional capacity and coordination and
sector-wide M&E
Tanzania Climate Smart
Program (2015 – 2025)
 Initiative to mainstream Climate Change
Considerations into the national development
planning and budget
 The vision is to have an agricultural sector that
sustainably increases productivity, enhances
climate resilience and food security for the
national economic development in line with
TNDV 2025
Improved
Productivity
and Incomes
Building
resilience and
associated
mitigation cobenefits
Improved
Institutional
Coordination
Tanzania
CSA
Programme
(2015 – 2025 )
CSA
Knowledge,
Extension &
Agro-weather
Services
Value Chain
Integration
Research for
Development
and
Innovations
Six programmatic Result Areas
1. Improved Productivity and Incomes
 Irrigation and agricultural water management;
Improved Food Storage and Distribution
 Increased Growth of Incomes
2. Building resilience and associated mitigation cobenefits
 Improve soil health, and restore degraded lands
 Conservation of Natural Resources and Catchments
 Insurance and Other Safety Nets
 Early Warning System and Emergency Preparedness;
 Synergies in adaptation and mitigation enhanced and
value Chain Integration.

3. Value Chain Integration


Value addition process for agricultural products
Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration
into domestic, regional and international markets.
4. Research for Development and Innovations



Agricultural research funding
Uptake of Agricultural Technologies and Innovations
along the Value Chain and
Ensuring that Research Extension Linkage is
strengthened and made functional by 2018
5. CSA Knowledge, Extension and Agro-weather Services
 CSA knowledge generation and dissemination
 enhancing extension, climate information services and agro-
weather advisories.
6. Improved Institutional Coordination
 Improve Inter-Ministerial and Local Government
Coordination
 Partnerships with private sector and civil society
organizations
 Programmatic Coordination with Development Partners
strengthened
Development of CSA guideline
Objectives is to guide
 Identification of key requirements for successful
CSA implementation (including resource
mobilisation)
 Identification of suitable technologies and practices
for successful implementation of CSA to enhance
agricultural production
 Monitoring of the impacts of CSA and facilitate
planning for up-scaling CSA practices
Existing opportunities favoring
CSA up-scaling
 ASDP II framework
 Departments and Units with well trained




personnel
Research Centers in all 7 Agro Climatic Zone
Diversity of Agro Ecological Zones (63-suitable)
National Climate Change Learning AlliancePlatform linked with Local Govt Authority for
knowledge sharing
Existing different CSA practices – consider
appendices
Projects with CSA approach across the country
 FAO/CARE Pilot Project on Mitigation of Climate
Change in Agriculture Programme (MICCA),
Hillside CA and Equitable Payment for Watershed
Services (Success stories)
 USDA with multi-partners -IITA, ICRAF, FAO –
Strengthening MALF capacity to implement priority
actions for achieving resilience
 DFID-supported Regional VUNA with five countries
as fast start (Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia
and Zimbabwe)
• Strengthening environmental governance-Small
Scale Funding (project under –UNEP)
 Enhance understanding
for the transition of
Tanzania to a green Economy.
 Supporting the integrated landscape level
planning in the SAGCOT region
 Up-scaling the best practices in the water
catchment protection measures within water
catchment areas of Tanzania in the SAGCOT
areas
More Existing Opportunities …
•
Agricultural Council of Tanzania-(ACT) - umbrella
organization of the agricultural private sector in the country
aiming at uniting groups and associations of farmers, livestock
keepers, suppliers, processors, transporters, researchers in
order to push for improved economical and organizational
environment of the sector
•
Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania - a
partnership of farmers, agri-business, the Government of
Tanzania and development agencies, all working to develop
the agricultural potential aiming at reducing hunger and
increase rural incomes
•
National CSA Taskforce a multidisciplinary team of
experts drawn from Agriculture lead ministries
Projected impacts of existing CSA interventions
• Application of individual technology, practice or
indigenous knowledge/technology can not play any
good role alone, but;
• Application of these technologies and practices in
combination, by different stakeholders they:
– reduces water loss
– Reduces land degradation
– Increase soil water availability, and
– gives equitable distribution of the water resource
– enhances agricultural production and
productivity
– enhances food security
– contributes to poverty reduction
– create resilience to climate change
• Hence, contributes to effective achievement
of sustainable agricultural development for
food security under climate change
Challenges/ Barriers
 While CSA practices have been successful, wider
uptake across Tanzania has been a challenge
 CSA costs and benefits are not well known
 CSA practices are a low priority in agricultural
investment plans
 Local characteristics are not widely considered
 Good practices are evident, but there is no
mechanism to capture and promote positive
lessons on a larger scale
 No huge investment done to promote CSA yet
 Incorporation of Climate Change issues
into the LGA’s development planning and
budget (DADPS) have not taken on-board
effectively
 Inadequate enforcement of CSA related
roles and by laws, standard inputs, land
lease, water supply, and week coordination
and un-harmonized policies
 In-existence of M & E with reliable
indicators to track CSA up-scaling and
implementation
Recommendations
• Build evidence base to promote CSA: cost – benefit
analysis is inevitable
• Enforcement
of
by-laws on land and water
management
• Government to adhere to the Malabo Declaration of
fulfilling among others the 10% of public
expenditure to agriculture, and to ensure its
efficiency and effectiveness for evidence based
agricultural interventions
 For successful and wider uptake of CSA across
Tanzania, some deliberate initiatives to incorporate
Climate Change issues into the LGA’s development
planning and budget (DADPS) have to be taken onboard
 Strong coordination and harmonization of
government policies to guard against conflicts and to
make sure all stakeholders especially (private sector,
NGOs, CBOs, CSOs, women and youth) are
involved is of paramount importance
 Knowledge sharing and capacity building to raise
awareness and to avoid overlapping of roles
 To track the positive implementation/ up-scaling of
CSA in Tanzania, M & E System with reliable
indicators need to be put in place
 CSA requires huge investment, and in order to
scale it up across Tanzania, more efforts need to
be put to secure additional resources such as
Green climate funds, etc
Conclusion
 Improvements in productivity and income as some of
the impacts of existing CSA initiatives in Tanzania is
remarkable.
 Various Institutions seem to be involved in CSA and
with role outlined well in the country’s Action Plan and
CSA Program.
 An achievement in mitigation benefits is also noted.
 Despite the existing policies and programs favoring
CSA, investment is limited to institutions like FAO,
WB whilst the government is expected to be the main
funder – different institutions need to increase CSA
investments in Tanzania
Thank You
ANNEXES
Existing CSA technologies and practices
Existing water use efficient technologies
Existing indigenous knowledge
25 Policies related to Climate Change
Existing CSA technologies and
practices
Technologies
 Improved irrigation (e.g. drip irrigation)
 Water harvesting and storage facilitate
(e.g. water pans)
 Water pump
 System of Rice intensification (SRI)
 Manure
Cont…
Practices
 Cover crops for Maintenance of ground
cover
 Crop rotation
 Intercropping
 Mulching
 Minimum tillage in terms of pits or basin
 Ridging
Cont…
 CSA practices
Agro-forestry
 Crop and Livestock integration
 Drought resistant and tolerant crop
varieties
 Water use efficiency
 Integrated Pest Management

Existing water use efficient
technologies
 Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) study on
Water Use Technologies (WUT) in
Tanzania by Kahimba, FC, Mahoo, HF,
Richard, FS, and Mutabazi, KD from
Sokoine University of Agriculture,
Morogoro, Tanzania, 31 August, 2015
 Reveals several WUTs by small scale
farmers which contribute to IWRM
Cont…
 Consider the following WUTs:
Off-field rainwater harvesting
 Excavated Bunded Basins (majaluba)
 Charco-dams (Malambo)
 System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
 Water lifting technologies – motorised
pumps
 Community Water/River diversion (spate
irrigation)

Cont…
 Stone terracing
 Cover cropping
 Tied-ridging
 Night storage reservoirs (Ndivas
 Matengo (Ngoro) pits cultivation system
 The Ufipa mound (Ntumba or Mambwe)
cultivation system
 The ‘Vinyungu’ farming practice
 Sand dams (for livestock water supply)
Existing indigenous knowledge
 Chagga Home Garden Production System
 Indigenous Irrigation Methods of Kilimanjaro –
Locally known as Mfongo
 Ngitili – Practiced in Shinyanga
 Qaimanda and Qaidasu - practiced in Babati in
Manyara Region
 Vinyungu Gardens – Iringa
 Traditional irrigation schemes - Mbarali District
 Matengo Pits System (Ngoro) – Mbinga, Songea
SOME EXISTING CSA PRACTICES IN TANZANIA
Mulching
• covers the land, land not left bare
• conserve soil moisture
• add up organic matter in the soil when mineralized
• improves soil structure at the end
• avoid soil erosion
• from the left – cassava (resilient crop) cultivated on the ridges (soil
water management )mixed with leguminous trees (fixes nitrogen)
• at the middle – mixed cropping (creation of best microclimate for
crops cultivation) – home gardens of Kilimanjaro and Ngara in
Bukoba, Tanzania
• far right – maize with trees
•cultivation across the hill
• contours reinforced with sisal
• Morogoro, Tanzania
• cultivation across the hill
• concrete terraces
• Tanga, Tanzania
Construction of firebreaks to avoid destruction of
pasture seeds especially during dry season
Firebreak in place to avoid fire outbreaks
Sweet potato
cultivation
• Sweet potato –
resilient crop
• ridges farming moisture
management
25 Policies related to Climate Change
National Policies
 Tanzania Development Vision 2025
 National Adaptation Plan of Action (NAPA, 2007)
 National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty (NSGRP, 2005)
 National Water Policy (NAWAPO, 2002)
 Rural Development Strategy (2001)
 Agriculture and Livestock Policy (URT, 1997)
 Agricultural Sector Development Program (I & II)
 National Livestock Policy (NLP, 2006)
 Livestock Sector Development Program (LSDP, 2011)
 National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of
Poverty II
 Fishery Sector Development Program (FSDP)
 National Land Policy (URT, 1995)
 Environmental Policy (1997) – under review
 National Climate Change Strategy (NCCS, 2013)
 National Agricultural Input Voucher System
 National Agricultural Policy (2013)
 Tanzania Agriculture and Food Security Investment
Plan (TAFSIP, 2011-12 to 2020-21)
 Tanzania Agriculture Climate Resilience Plan (ACRP,
2014 - 2019)
 Southern Agricultural Growth Corridor of Tanzania
(SAGCOT)
 Big Result Now (BRN)
 National Environmental Policy (NEP) – under review
 The National Strategy for Reduced Emissions from
Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)
Regional Policies
 Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development
Programme (CAADP, 2003)
 EAC Food Security Action Plan (2011)
 EAC Climate Change Policy (2009)