Transcript 5.6 Coping with climate change

COPING WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
Topic 5.6
http://www.climatecouncil.org.au/a-timeline-ofearths-average-temperature-in-comic-form
GLOBAL WARMING
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What is global warming?
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Other than an increased temperature, what other
changes may occur to the climate?
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An increase in average global surface temperature
Change in rainfall and wind patterns, more storms.
How will animals and plants cope with changing
conditions?
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9h7P8gWpolQ
Some animals can migrate to avoid changing conditions
 Plants change distribution
 Changes in organism’s development and life cycle
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CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS COMMUNITIES

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What is a community?
 All the different populations of organisms living in an area/
habitat
How does climate change affect communities?
 Some organisms may benefit from the change and become
dominant
 Others may be lost in the
community due to competition
with existing or invading
species
 If they are mobile or have
good seed dispersal they may
migrate/change distribution
CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS COMMUNITIES

How can seeds be dispersed?
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Wind, water, animals, self
What type of adaptations might they have to allow
seed dispersal?
Light, feathery, air sacs, sticky, hooks,
 Remember that seeds need to be dispersed, not pollen
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Read p48 and answer Q 5.37 – 5.38
Figure 5.50 and 5.49 – Speckled Wood Butterfly and
distribution
How has the butterfly distribution changed from 1915-1997?
 Why has the butterfly distribution changed?
 Warmer temperature or shift in distribution of plants they feed on
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Question 5.39 -Northern tundra- Where? What is it?
TUNDRA
Tundra: ice desert
 Far north of Eurasia
(Finland, Russia and Siberia), North America
(Alaska and Canada)
 The ground is permanently frozen 25 to 100cm
down.
 Trees are unable to grow.
 Only low-growing plants such as mosses, heaths,
and lichen.
 Yearly average temperature in the range of -5°C
to -15°C.
 Now answer Q5.39

WHAT ECONOMIC PROBLEMS MAY ARISE
WHEN CLIMATE CONDITIONS CHANGE?

Read p50 and state what economic problems may
arise from climate change

Pests:
E.g weeds, nematodes, midges
 Affect the growth of crops and reduce the yield
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Diseases –fungal diseases enjoy more humid
conditions
HOW CLIMATE CHANGE AFFECTS
DISTRIBUTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CORAL
Activity 5.17 Coral Bleaching
 http://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/ocean/cb/baa/
anim.html (2016)
 Read 5.17 and answer the following questions:

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What is coral?
Tubular animal with central mouth
and tentacles which secretes calcium
carbonate for protection
 Lives symbiotically with algae

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What is coral bleaching?
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Warm temperatures kill algae, coral
loses colour and coral polyp dies
http://www.osdpd.noaa.gov/ml/ocean/cb/hotspots_1998anim.html
Higher than normal sea
temperatures have been linked
with coral bleaching
CORAL BLEACHING EVENT NOW BIGGEST IN
HISTORY – AND ABOUT TO GET WORSE
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The coral bleaching event sweeping the globe and destroying vast
tracts of valuable coral reef is now officially the most widespread
in recorded history, and is likely to continue for an
unprecedented third year, according to the US weather agency.
Coral in every major reef region has already experienced severe
bleaching. About 93% of the reefs on Australia’s Great Barrier
Reef have been affected, and almost a quarter of the reef on the
2,300km stretch is now dead.
Although the bleaching event was already the longest in recorded
history and was predicted to run
past the middle of the year,
Noaa’s latest climate model-based
forecasts now suggest it will run at
least
through to the end of 2016.
Guardian: 20th June 2016
https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/21/coral-bleaching-event-now-biggest-in-history-andabout-to-get-worse
ALTERED DEVELOPMENT
Increased temperature affects development –
affects enzyme activity
 Activity 5.18a Enzyme Review
 Effect of temperature on enzyme activity:
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ALTERED DEVELOPMENT
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How could a temperature increase be beneficial
with regards to enzymes and plants?
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Possible effect on greenhouse gas concentration?

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CO2 absorbed
Where might it not be beneficial for
communities?
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Increased photosynthesis and growth
Tropics – enzymes working at max temperature
tolerance
Students read Activity 5.18a: Investigating the
effect of temperature on the activity of lipase
ACTIVITY 5.18A: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT
OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY OF LIPASE
1)
When fat breaks down, what is produced?
When fat breaks down, fatty acids and glycerol are produced.
2)
Use this information to explain why the phenolphthalein
changes colour.
The fatty acids lower the pH of the mixture which changes the colour
of the phenolphthalein from pink to colourless.
3)
What is the effect of temperature on the time taken for
lipase to break down the fat in milk?
Increasing temperatures from 0 ºC to around 45 ºC will reduce the
time taken for the lipase to break down the fat in milk. Over this
temperature, the time taken will increase, or perhaps the lipase will
not work at all.
ACTIVITY 5.18A: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT
OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY OF LIPASE
4)
Why does the temperature affect the action of lipase in this
way?
Temperature affects the action of lipase this way because increasing
temperatures (up to around 40 ºC) increase the rate of reaction, by
increasing the collision rate between the enzyme and substrate
molecules. The highest rate of reaction is at the optimum
temperature for the enzyme. The rate of reaction then reduces as
temperature increases until, at some point, the reaction stops
altogether. This is because at high temperatures (usually over 45 ºC),
the protein structure of the enzyme is denatured by heat. The
molecule loses its shape and the enzyme is de-activated.
5)
What is the difference between a ‘time taken’ and a ‘rate of
reaction’ curve for this investigation?
A ‘time taken’ curve and a ‘rate of reaction’ curve show similar
patterns, but one is an upside-down version of the other.
ACTIVITY 5.18A: INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT
OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY OF LIPASE
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Limitations of experiment:
Hard to determine colour change
 Hard to regulate stirring with rod
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Improvements:
Automated stirring - could not do in water bath
 Use of a colorimeter to detect colour change
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VARIABLES THAT NEED TO BE
CONTROLLED IN AN ENZYME EXPERIMENT
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pH
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Temperature
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(5ml – using pipette)
Enzyme concentration
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(1%, 5%, 10%)
Volume of substrate
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Use a water bath (remember to allow substarate and enzyme
to reach correct temperature separately before mixing.
Substrate concentration
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use a ph buffer (pH7)
(5%)
Volume of Enzyme
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(1ml – using pipette)
CHANGING CONDITIONS
Water availability might have an effect as well.
 Activity 5.19, Q 1-8 Effect of climate manipulations on a
grassland community
 Standard error: a way of measuring how much difference
there is between results.
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There is a mean and the results are more statistically valid if
the individual results are relatively similar.
Using CORMS, lets discuss experiment to investigate
the effect of temperature and drought on seedling
growth
 Independent and dependent variables?
 What would your independent variables be (C)?
 How & when would you measure your dependent
variable (M)?
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INVESTIGATE THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
AND DROUGHT ON SEEDLING GROWTH
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Which variables affect seeding growth(O & S):
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How would you change temperature and imitate
drought conditions?
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Seedling density NOT SEEDS – same volume containers,
growth medium, water – volume and when given
(capillary matting), length of light exposure and intensity,
temperature, species of plant, initial seedling size
Heaters in greenhouses or outside under soil, cover plants
to stop rain(outside and have a water sprinkler system,
propagators (inside)and water artificially
Write up a method to investigate the effect of
temperature and drought on seedling growth (H/W)
OTHER PROBLEMS
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Read page 52-53
What effects can changing temperature and drought
have on development?
Growth in plants and fish: may happen faster or stop
sooner.
 Behaviour can be affected: Spawning: may happen sooner
 Hatching: may happen sooner or sex determination may be
affected
 If the temperature increases too much the number of males
will drop and eventually all hatched turtles will be female.
This would affect the reproductive success of the
population and could lead to the species becoming extinct
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObRsTTLtpKM
Activity 5.20 The effect of temperature on the
hatching success of brine shrimps.
PHENOLOGY
Study of seasonal events in the lives of animals
and plants
 TEDed phenology animation
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RNs3XpRmRfI
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What specific phenological events can be
studied?
Time of flowering
 Time of egg laying
 Time of hatching
 Arrival of migrants
 Time of first leaves
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PHENOLOGY
Fig 5.56: How has the time of first flowering changed
for this species of plant?
 Why might that affect the reproductive success of the
plant?
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Pollinators may not be active – no pollination
P54, read making the most of the food supply. Which
of the following statements are true?
Marine worm larvae eat phytoplankton
 Marine worms lay their eggs according to temperature to
conincide with high levels of phytoplankton
 If global temperatures rise, phytoplankton will reach their
peak earlier and marine worms will hatch at their normal
time missing the peak food availiability
 This could seriuosly affect the survival rates of the
phytoplankton.
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PHENOLOGY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=axRX9_UyUO
c
 Later freezing of the sea, reduced time feeding on
seals on the ice
 Although polar bear population in this area have
stabilised at around a thousand.
 Checkpoint 5.5
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Summarise key points
 Fill in gaps and see what you missed out in
summary.
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