Transcript NATURAL DISASTER - DISASTER info DESASTRES

Small Island Developing States – SIDS Perspectives:
On Hazards, Disasters, Risk, &
Resilience?
.
Natural hazards in the Caribbean
From: Munich Re, 2002.
Regional Tectonic Map
NATURAL DISASTER “CALENDAR”
Hurricane ‘Season’
………(?June 1–Nov 30?)
Northers High
Seas /local floods
(Mid Dec–March)
Floods
Floods(+lslides)
Wildfires 1
(Feb-April)
Wildfires 2
(June–Aug)
Drought (can last years .. Associated with el Nino?)
Earthquakes
Jan
Feb
Mar
and
Tsunamis,
Rare Events (no season)
Apr
May
Jul
Jun
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Caribbean Vulnerable to many risks and hazards
(not confined to Hurricanes)
Geophysical: Earthquakes, Tsunamis,
Volcanic Events, etc
Climatic: Hurricanes, Floods, Drought,
Windstorm, Northers etc
Biological: Human, Animal and Plant
Diseases
Technological: Fires, Air / Marine Transport
Accidents, Releases of Toxics and
Biological Agencies
Other: Civil Disorder, Terrorism, Conflict,
War, Displaced persons
SLOW ONSET: Drought, Climate Change
Trends / Emerging Issues
• Climate Instability possibly related to GLOBAL
CLIMATE CHANGE
• “Environmental” Emergencies
– Marine Accidents / Spills ; Atmospheric Pollution;
– Wildfires
• Consequence Management
– Effects of ‘Offshore’ / Transboundary events
– 9/11 ; Airport Closures; Trade / Energy “Shocks”
– Business CONTINUITY Planning / Processes
• Complex Emergencies / Humanitarian / Human
Displacement / Refugee Events (Haiti / Cuba etc)
• BioSafety ; Human DISEASE SARS / Avian Flu
• Linkages to Development Targets better understood
– SUSTAINABILITY Links
– National Goals & Priority Setting
– Global / Regional / National / Subnational /
Sectoral Capacity Building
Coping Processes must …
• Cover credible events, scenarios and futures, their
mitigation and their potential consequence(s)
– Large, medium and small scale
– Natural / Man induced / High / Low Probability
– Effects on Human, Natural, Social and Economic
Capital Assets and systems
• Adequately deal with all facets of RISK
• Cover all phases including return to ‘normalcy’
• Be part of MAINSTREAM / CORE Functions of all
Societal Stakeholders ie The State + Private + Civil
Society in genuine PARTNERSHIPS
• Ensure that Command, Control, and
Communication functions are carried out to
secure
– people, property, EMERGENCY PHASE
– natural resources, physical assets, livelihoods,
revenue streams and sectors PRE and POST
EMERGENCY
• Be based on PROACTIVE systematic
approaches NOT ONLY REACTIVE response
• Cover Mainstreaming MITIGATION /
PREVENTION
SPECIAL CONCERNS
• Major investments eg Hotel Plant / Energy / Utilities /
Health Facilities / Infrastructure preferentially
located in HIGHEST HAZARD ZONE
– on Coast (Coastal Inundation fr Hurricanes, Tsunamis)
– On soils prone to LIQUEFACTION (Reclaimed Lands) and
– Landsliding
• Many structures (eg Hotels) are dangerously close to
the shoreline and susceptible to WAVE Damage /
COASTAL INUNDATION from both Storm Surge +
Tsunami!
• The Removal / Damage to Natural Protective
Systems eg Reefs, Wetlands has been a feature of
Caribbean Development
The Barbados Programme of
Action (BPOA) included Priority
Areas Related to Risks Oceans
and Coasts
• Climate change and sea level rise
• Natural and environmental disasters
• Coastal and marine resource
Climate Change and Sea Level
Rise
Requirements for SIDS under the 1994 BPoA
• Ensure early ratification of or accession on the
UNFCCC, Montreal Protocol on Substances that
Deplete the Ozone Layer and other related legal
instruments.
• Create and/or strengthen projects to monitor and
improve predictive capacity for climate change,
climate variability and sea level rise and assess
the impacts of CC on marine resources
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Projects Implemented since 1994:
• National Enabling Activities (NEAs)
• Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to
Climate Change (CPACC) 1998-2001
• Adaptation to Climate Change in the
Caribbean (ACCC) Project 2001-2004
• Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate
Change (MACC) Project 2001 – 200?
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Implementation of the BPoA Climate Change and Sea
Level Rise components by Caribbean SIDS:
• 100% of Caribbean SIDS have ratified the UNFCCC
• 100% have submitted their first National Communication to the
Conference of Parties to the UNFCCC
• 88% of SIDS have produced a National Assessment Report
• 50% of SIDS have a climate change and sea level rise adaptation
and mitigation plan
• 88% of SIDS have established a national disaster preparedness
plan or office
• Increased awareness of the potential impacts of climate change
• Establishment of the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre
(CCCCC=5Cs) in Belize in 2002 + MACC in 2004
• Is this enough??
Climate Change and Sea Level Rise
Identified Challenges
and Issues
• Inadequate financial and
technical capacity to
implement many of the
requirements under the
BPoA
• Inadequate data on the
potential impacts of
climate change on the
Caribbean
Identified Priorities
• Improvements of
renewable energy
technologies (especially
reduced cost)
• Assistance from the
international community
in establishing data points
and in installing
instruments to monitor,
survey and collect data
on climate change and
sea level rise.
Natural and Environmental Disasters
Requirements for SIDS under the BPoA:
• Establish and/or strengthen disaster management
institutions and policies
• Strengthen the capacity of local broadcasting to assist
remote communities
• Establish a national disaster emergency fund
• Integrate natural and environmental disaster policies into
national development planning processes
• Establish and/or strengthen, where appropriate regional
institutions to complement and support national efforts in
disaster mitigation
• Establish and/or strengthen mechanisms for sharing
experiences, information and resources among SIDS
Natural and Environmental Disasters
Regional initiatives on natural and environmental disasters adopted
since 1994 include:
• OECS Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Project –
reduce physical vulnerability and increase capacity to respond to
natural disasters
• Caribbean Hazard Mitigation Capacity Building Programme
(CHAMP) – enhance regional capacity to reduce vulnerability to the
effects of natural hazards
• Caribbean Disaster Management Project – mitigate damages in
CDERA member states
• Caribbean Risk Management Initiative – build capacity to address
the growing natural hazard and environmental risk
• Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) – facilitate
the creation of an enabling environment for climate change
adaptation
Natural and Environmental Disasters
Implementation of the BPoA natural and environmental
disaster components by Caribbean SIDS:
• Development of a Comprehensive Disaster Management
(CDM) Strategy and Framework by CDERA in 2001
• All countries have established disaster management
agencies
• Countries have developed and implemented national
projects and processes such as hurricane preparedness
and the promotion of safer building practices
• Increased coordination to disaster preparedness,
management and recovery through the CDERA
Natural and Environmental Disasters
Identified Challenges
and Issues
• Legislation and
regulations are still
inadequate
• Inadequate finances to
develop disaster
management
programmes
• Potential increase for
frequency and severity of
tropical storms and
hurricanes
Identified Priorities
• Develop and adopt
adaptation and mitigation
strategies for natural and
environmental disasters
• Develop and land use
and zoning plans
Coastal and Marine Resources
Requirements for SIDS under the BPoA:
• Establish and/or strengthen, where appropriate, institutional,
administrative and legislative arrangements for developing and
implementing integrated coastal zone plans and strategies.
• Design comprehensive monitoring programmes for coastal and
marine resources
• Develop and/or strengthen national capabilities for the sustainable
harvesting and processing of fishery resources
• Ratify and/or adhere to regional and international conventions
concerning the protection of coastal and marine resources
• Develop and/or strengthen the capacity of regional organisations to
undertake activities in coastal and marine areas
• Develop programmes to enhance negotiating skills for the
management and exploitation of coastal and marine resources,
including fisheries agreements
• Develop and/or strengthen regional capabilities for the effective
surveillance and monitoring of activities in the EEZ of SIDS
• Develop a methodology for ICZM appropriate to SIDS, particularly
very small, low elevation and coral islands
Coastal and Marine Resources
Implementation of the BPoA coastal and marine resources
requirements for Caribbean SIDS include:
• Ratification of major regional and international marine
related conventions. Most SIDS are party to UNCLOS;
Cartagena Convention; and the CBD.
• Antigua and Barbuda and Grenada are party to the
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
• Many States have one or more of the following
NBSAP’s, Fisheries Management Plans, and Integrated
Coastal and Marine Management Strategies
• 81% of the Caribbean SIDS had some relevant
legislation addressing ocean and coastal issues
• 63% have developed mechanisms for ocean
management coordination through MPA’s
• 50% have legislated EIA Acts
Coastal and Marine Resources
Relevant coastal and marine resources related initiatives
and projects:
• The Caribbean Sea Ecosystem Assessment (CARESA)
– assess the state of the Caribbean Sea ecosystem
• Oceans Governance – SIDS of the Caribbean, Indian
and Pacific Ocean are seeking to cooperate and share
experiences in the management of their ocean spaces
• The Sub-Commission for the Caribbean and Adjacent
region (IOCARIBE)
• White Water to Blue Water Initiative
• CARICOM Regional Fisheries Mechanism
• Establishment of a Caribbean Fisheries Unit
• Meso-American Barrier Reef Systems Project and the
International Coral Reef Action Network
Coastal and Marine Resources
Relevant coastal and marine resources
related initiatives and projects cont’d:
• Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area
Management (IWCAM) GEF Funded Project in
Caribbean SIDS - seeks to provide a framework
for countries to better address environmental
management challenges
• Sustainable Management of the Shared Marine
Resources of the Caribbean Large Marine
Ecosystem (CLME) and Adjacent Regions GEF
funded project – sustainable management of the
shared living marine resource of the Caribbean
Coastal and Marine Resources
Identified Challenges
and Issues
• Lack of financial support
to meet many of the
commitments under the
BPoA
• Low level of coordination
among the various
agencies with
responsibility for coastal
and marine management
Identified Priorities
• Delimitation of EEZ’s and
depositing charts with
UNDOALOS
• Clearly articulated, national
policies on coastal and marine
issues
• Coastal zone management
processes, policies and practices
that explicitly address improving
livelihoods of coastal
communities
• Support ratification and effective
implementation of the LBSMP
Protocol of the Cartagena
Convention
Mauritius Strategy
• Climate Change and sea-level rise
– Recommends that parties that have not ratified the
Kyoto Protocol do so as soon as feasibly possible.
– Fully implement the UNFCCC and further promote
international cooperation on climate change.
– Promote increased energy efficiency and
development and use of renewable energy
– Work to facilitate and promote the development,
transfer and dissemination to SIDS of appropriate
technologies
Mauritius Strategy
• Natural and Environmental Disasters
– Strengthen the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction and related SIDS regional
mechanisms as facilities to improve national
disaster mitigation, preparedness and earlywarning capacity
– Augment the capacity of small island
developing States to predict and respond to
emergency situations
Conclusions
• Caribbean SIDS are committed to the provisions
in the BPoA
• Implementation of the BPoA in the Caribbean
Region has been slow due to number of
constraints including:
– Lack of financial and technical resources
– Sectoral approach to management and low level of
coordination amongst government agencies
– Inappropriate and outdated legislative frameworks
Recommendations for Improved
Implementation of the BPoA on Oceans and
Coasts Related Issues
• Ensure a high level of political endorsement and
ministerial commitment to programmes
• Improved inter-agency coordination and collaboration
• Increased south-to-south collaboration amongst SIDS
with regards to lessons learnt
• Development and management programmes should be
long-term, designed, implemented and evaluated to
develop and maintain coherence and continuity
• Establishment of regional funding mechanisms
• Establish linkages amongst existing projects such as the
GEF Caribbean International Waters Project on
Integrating Management of Watersheds and Coastal
Areas in Small Island Developing States
Mauritius Strategy
Key oceans and coasts areas identified as
priorities in the Mauritius Strategy, outcome
of the international meeting to review the
implementation of the BPoA for SIDS
include:
• Management of Waste – marine debris, ballast
water and ship wrecks threaten the integrity of
marine and coastal habitats
– Work towards the control of transboundary movement
of waste through the region
– Implement the new IMO Convention on Ballast Water
– Works towards the cessation of the transport of
radioactive materials through SIDS
Mauritius Strategy
• Climate Change and sea-level rise
– Recommends that parties that have not ratified the
Kyoto Protocol do so as soon as feasibly possible.
– Fully implement the UNFCCC and further promote
international cooperation on climate change.
– Promote increased energy efficiency and
development and use of renewable energy
– Work to facilitate and promote the development,
transfer and dissemination to SIDS of appropriate
technologies
Mauritius Strategy
• Natural and Environmental Disasters
– Strengthen the International Strategy for
Disaster Reduction and related SIDS regional
mechanisms as facilities to improve national
disaster mitigation, preparedness and earlywarning capacity
– Augment the capacity of small island
developing States to predict and respond to
emergency situations
Mauritius Strategy
• Coastal and Marine Resources
– Complete the delimitation of their maritime boundaries
– Submit any claims to the Continental Shelf Commission by 13
May 2009
– Further the work on the assessment of seabed living and nonliving resources within their national jurisdiction
– Establish effective monitoring, reporting and enforcement and
control of fishing vessels to further implement international plans
of action to prevent, deter and eliminate illegal, unreported and
unregulated fishing
– Strengthen or develop, national and regional sustainable and
responsible fisheries management mechanisms consisted with
the FAO Code of Conduct
– If they have not done so consider becoming parties to UNFA and
the Compliance Agreement
– Adopt integrated policies and sound management approaches,
such as marine protected areas
– Fully implement the GPA
Conclusions
• Caribbean SIDS are committed to the provisions
in the BPoA
• Implementation of the BPoA in the Caribbean
Region has been slow due to number of
constraints including:
– Lack of financial and technical resources
– Sectoral approach to management and low level of
coordination amongst government agencies
– Inappropriate and outdated legislative frameworks
Recommendations for Improved
Implementation of the BPoA on Oceans and
Coasts Related Issues
• Ensure a high level of political endorsement and
ministerial commitment to programmes
• Improved inter-agency coordination and collaboration
• Increased south-to-south collaboration amongst SIDS
with regards to lessons learnt
• Development and management programmes should be
long-term, designed, implemented and evaluated to
develop and maintain coherence and continuity
• Establishment of regional funding mechanisms
• Establish linkages amongst existing projects such as the
GEF Caribbean International Waters Project on
Integrating Management of Watersheds and Coastal
Areas in Small Island Developing States
WW2BW/IWCAM:
Integrated Watershed and Coastal Area Management –
Ecosystem Based Management Initiatives
BioDiversity +
Watershed /
Water Supply
Management
Urban
Development
Harbor
Management
Fisheries /
Aquaculture
Programs
Coastal:
Infrastructure
/Tourism
Development
Industrial
Development
Habitat
Conservation
Programs
Forestry
Activities
Agricultural
Development
+
MPAs
Courtesy:
UNEP-GPA
Concerns Cont.,
• ‘New’ Sectors (Financial/Tourism) often not
integrated into National Response / Recovery
systems
• Lessons from recent disasters (eg IVAN in
Cayman / Tsunami / recent Quakes) learnt
slowly or not at all
• Business continuity planning not
institutionalised
• REACTIVE rather than PROACTIVE
• SCENARIOS not consistent (within / across
the society and critical entities)
“Capacity Development”
Enabling Strategies
Supportive Policy,
Legal & Institutional
Frameworks
National/Societal
Organization
Programmes &
Projects to
Improve Systems
Structures,
Mechanisms &
Procedures
Educate, Increase
Capacity to access,
create, use skills, &
KNOWLEDGE
Individual/Local
Time
Components of Risk (Davis)
Risk of Disaster
Human Vulnerability
Exposure
Frequency
Natural Hazards
Resistance
Resilience
Magnitude Duration
Location
relative
to Hazard
Environmental
Surroundings
Livelihood Health
Adjustments Risk Reduction Actions
After Mark Pelling 2003 ‘The Vulnerability of Cities’ Page 48
Preparation
The Safety Chain
Effective coping systems
Risk Sensitisation / Early Warning / Vulnerability Awareness /
Capacity Building systems involves chains of actors / processes
 Narrow “technical” conceptions of such systems leave weak
links in the chain – where failures occur (eg Warning System
failures in Haiti/Grenada?2004, S AsiaTsunami 2004, TONGA 2006)
 “Mainstreamed” = ‘infused’ into education and culture as well as
the business and livelihood related societal value systems.

Shared Societal
Knowledge of the
risks faced by
Communities =
Risk ‘Culture’
‘Technical’
awareness =,
zoning, safer
built env; &
monitoring +
Alert / Warn’g
Services
Wide Formal and
Informal Diffusion/
Dissemination of
Useable risk info
products
Knowledge
and capacity
for timely
action (pre,
during, post)
threat at
appropriate
levels
Coastal Inundation
NEEDS
• Improved Business Continuity Planning
• WORST CASE SCENARIOS
– High Impact Rapid Onset
– Evacuation vs ‘Hardening’
– PLAN COMPREHESIVELY CONSIDER WORKERS,
RESIDENTS
– Integrated with NATIONAL / REGIONAL
• EFFICENT SHARING OF LESSONS LEARNT
– TSUNAMI / IVAN
– CAYMAN “CARS’ to CARIBBEAN
– Details on Vital Records / Flooding /
– Communication Issues
• RISK REDUCTION NEEDS TO BE TAKEN SERIOUSLY BY ALL
SECTORS INCLUDING TOURISM
UWI ISD / DRR Initiative
UWI DRR Initiative :
Responds to • Exposure of our WCR to a range of hazards;
• Urgent need to further develop coping capacities
and mainstream risk reduction strategies
• Shift from Reactive to Proactive Measures
• Improve the low societal/national ‘Resilience’
• Implications for Sustainable Development; and
• the recommendations of key regional and global
For a, Conferences and Seminars over the past
decade
VISION
• To be a multi-disciplinary Centre of
Excellence in the field of risk reduction,
resilience, incident management, and
disaster mitigation in the Wider Caribbean
specifically and in Small Island Developing
States globally
Objectives
• Build, mobilise, and coordinate regional capacity to
provide a knowledge network and
• carry out research to support and strengthen the
national, regional, and sectoral mechanisms responsible
for coping with, avoiding, reducing, managing and
mitigating risks particularly those related to natural
disasters in the region;
• Serve as a provider of policy advice to regional entities
(eg CARICOM, affiliated bilateral and multinational
institutions) the private sector, Civil Society and national
Governments.
• Emulate / Cooperate with similar university based
Risk/Disaster Research capacity building entities in other
regions and build upon the World Conference on
Disaster Risk Reduction (WCDR) guidance on the
establishment of National/Regional Disaster Risk
Reduction Platforms.
Cont
• benefit from the interactions and synergies with other
components of the ISD
– Environmental Management;
– Foresighting ;
– and the Hospitality and Sustainable Tourism related activities
• Work closely with other elements of UWI
– Seismic Research Unit (TT),
– Unit for Disaster Studies, Earthquake Unit, (Mona)
– the Sir Arthur Lewis Institute for Social and Economic Studies
(SALISES), CARIMAC and
– other existing UWI / Tertiary stakeholders and entities who have
developed competencies in risk related areas.
Summary and Conclusions
• Historical Hazard Information, sound science, data
derived from demographic, economic and environmental
sources, Vulnerability analysis and exposure related
factors can be used to assess risks, prognosticate on
impacts, provide foresighting scenarios and measure
various types of likely, possible, probable outcomes.
• The identification of risk factors, the relationships /
correspondence between projections based on assessed
risks and historical disaster patterns, makes these risks
foreseeable and the worst cases avoidable??
• This creating an opportunity for action to build
RESILIENCE in communities / enterprises / sectors and
to reduce risks and losses through pre-emptive action
rather than perpetuating [the current] repetitive cycle of
disaster event, relief and recovery, followed by other
disaster impacts.
• In high risk areas, where disasters are most frequent and
losses highest, failure to reduce risks allows disaster
losses to continually drain off hopes of economic
development.
Continuity of Business:
Tourism/Financial Services Sectors
• Tourism and Financial Services Sectors are NEW critical
elements of the economy.
• Their hurricane experience is varied and apparently their
special vulnerabilities, needs and sensitivities have not as yet
been comprehensively integrated into all National Disaster
Planning Processes
• Tourism Sector concerns include the exposure of plant, the
special evacuation/welfare needs (of the Guests + workers),
marketplace communication and recovery plans.
• Financial Service Sector concerns include continuity of utility
and communication services, business interruption, and
welfare of staff (+ families)
• Traditional HURRICANE COMMITTEES may not be fully aware
of all the needs / concerns of private sector elements as they
are largely public sector / safety focussed.
• The impact of interruptions of these sectors on REVENUES /
JOBS s have significance for the entire country!!
Lesson
• New / Emerging Economically important
sectors need to be engaged in the
Contingency Planning processes.
• The lessons from these sectors in Cayman /
Bahamas / elsewhere in the Caribbean need
to be compiled into a Best Practice Guide as
soon as is possible.
• The implication for Jobs and the State
Revenue impacts of Natural Disasters need
to be analysed and responded to by
Stakeholders in a more systematic way
across the Region