Transcript Disaster Risk Reduction - Institute of Development Studies

Adaptive Social Protection
Social Protection, Adaptation and
Disaster Risk Reduction
Dr. Tom Mitchell, July 2009
Outline
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Introduction to Disaster Risk Reduction (10 mins)
Introduction to Children in a Changing Climate (10 mins)
Video (15 minutes) – ‘Children of Nepal Speak Out on
Climate Change Adaptation”
Reactions to the video (discussion)
Summary of Adaptive Social Protection (10 mins)
Group exercise on examples of climate change and
disasters in your work and the potential role of social
protection (20-30 mins)
Disaster Risk Reduction - Introduction
DRR – the conceptual context
“Disaster management must expand beyond traditional response to and defence
against the impact of natural hazards, to create an ongoing process that does not
focus on singular disaster events but on human development en bloc”
Weichselgartner J et al 2002, in Environmental Hazards4: 73-77 (my emphasis)
Fundamental interconnections between development and disasters
Moral obligations to safety: safety as a right to the highest attainable standard of
protection against natural and human-induced hazards
Conceptualising vulnerability and risk
What does (and should) DRR consist of?
1. Political commitment and institutional aspects.
2. Risk identification, assessments, monitoring and early warning.
3. Knowledge management.
4. Reduction of underlying risk factors.
5. Disaster preparedness and response.
“Securing children and young people a
voice in preventing and adapting to
climate change - from their
communities to the UN”
www.childreninachangingclimate.org
1. Urgent attention, support and action is needed to address the
issues faced by children worldwide as a result of increasing
climate shocks and stresses.
2. Children are effective leaders of change. Opportunities for their
learning, action and influence on climate change policy should be
maximised.
3. Children in a Changing Climate is a multi-agency collaborative
effort. All partners are committed to working together to avoid
duplication and redundancy, and to present a coherent voice and
strategy in a critical period for securing children's futures.
Collaborative action-research into
child-led adaptation and mitigation
Children influencing policy to safeguard
their climate and their future
Children’s adaptation and mitigation in
action: sharing experiences
Global exchange and production of
climate change learning resources
Adaptive Social Protection for
Resilience to Disasters and to
Climate Change
Implications of
Climate Change and DRR for
SP
• Does climate change and DRR require
different approaches or is business as usual
just as effective?
– a) to what extent does cc necessitate more robust
SP programmes
– b) to what extent may cc affect these programmes
Social Protection
as Adaptation & DRR
• Mechanisms which spread risks geographically
and temporally:
– insurance, derivatives and catastrophe bonds, which
spread risk geographically
– savings, cash reserve funds or contingent credit
arrangement, spread risk over time
Social Protection
as Adaptation & DRR
• Insurance and micro-insurance
– Munich Climate Insurance Initiative
– Malawi Crop Insurance
– Seychelles Fishery Insurance
• Stocking/Restocking
– Meat safety net
– Duck rearing
• Cash
– Are there examples? Help please for cash in DRR/adaptation
Rural HH
Domestic shocks
and stresses
Production
stresses
shocks
and
Financial interventions potentially complementary to agricultural growth:
to address Shocks
Risk reduction through:
to address Stresses and
chronic poverty
Large-scale
farmers
Illness
Injury
Disability
Death
Costs of weddings
and other rituals
Collapse in prices resulting from
globalisation
Extreme
weather
events
(drought, hail, flooding)
Degradation of soil, water and
other NR
Inadequate access to input,
finance and output markets
owing in part to failed
liberalisation
Price hedging; crop insurance
Facilitate and regulate market-based farm
asset insurance and domestic insurances
(health; life; assets) to prevent flight of
capital out of agriculture
Not necessary – assets adequate
Marginal
farmers
Illness
Injury
Disability
Death
Costs of weddings
and other rituals
Extreme
weather
events
(drought, hail, flooding)
Degradation of soil, water and
other NR
Inadequate access to input,
finance and output markets
owing in part to failed
liberalisation
(Possibly) collapse in prices
resulting from globalisation
Crop insurance
Promotion of private sector inputs supply
and marketing may have to be
accompanied by measures to reduce
market segmentation and interlocking
Insurance and savings schemes may
require a strong public or communitybased leadership Employment assurance
schemes of some importance
Promote asset accumulation by savings
schemes, possibly including “matching
funds”
Targeted transfers to cope with stress of old
age, prevent (and possibly reverse) outflow
of capital from agriculture and enhance
consumption of agricultural products;
Promote micro-savings, micro-credit, microinsurance
Farm
labourers
Illness
Injury
Disability
Death
Costs of weddings
and other rituals
Loss of rural employment
opportunities and/or reduction in
real wages attributable to the
above
Loss
of opportunities
for
seasonal/permanent migration
attributable to same or other
causes
Indirectly via interventions to stabilise
prices and promoting
and (perhaps
initially) subsidising farm asset and
domestic insurances insofar as they
impact on food prices and job
opportunities; domestic insurances likely
to be particularly important
Public works programmes
Support for seasonal migration through
improved information, accommodation,
education provision for children, easier
means of making remittances etc
Promote asset accumulation by savings
schemes, possibly including “matching
funds”
Targeted transfers to cope with stress of old
age, prevent (and possibly reverse) outflow
of capital from agriculture and enhance
consumption of agricultural products;
Promote micro-savings, micro-credit, microinsurance
Investigate possibilities of occupation-linked
insurance and pensions
Unable to
engage in
economic
activity
Illness
Injury
Disability
Death
Costs of weddings
and other rituals
Reduction in informal intrahousehold transfers resulting
from above shocks/stresses in
agriculture
Reduction in opportunities for
gathering
fodder/fuel
from
commons
owning
to
NR
degradation
Indirectly through keeping food prices
stable
Employment assurance irrelevant
Targeted transfers such as social pensions
for the elderly, widows and disabled; school
feeding programmes; promotion of infant
health and nutrition; distribution of free or
subsidised food.
Schemes to rehabilitate the commons and
ensure equitable access
SP category
SP instruments
Adaptation and DRR benefits
Provision
(coping strategies)
-social service provision
-basic social transfers (food/cash)
-pension schemes
-protection of those most vulnerable to
climate risks, with low levels of adaptive
capacity
Preventive
(coping strategies)
-safety nets
-social transfers
-public works programmes
-livelihood diversification
-weather-indexed crop insurance
-prevents damaging coping strategies
as a result of risks to weatherdependent livelihoods
Promotive
(building adaptive
capacity)
-social transfers
-access to credit
-asset transfers/protection
-starter packs (drought/flood-resistant)
-access to common property resources
- promotes resilience through livelihood
diversification and security to withstand
climate related shocks
- promotes opportunities arising from
climate change
Transformative
(building adaptive
capacity)
-promotion of minority rights
-anti-discrimination campaigns
-social funds
-transforms social relations to combat
discrimination underlying social and
political vulnerability
Adaptive Social
Protection (1)
1. An emphasis on promotion that aims to transform
productive livelihoods as well as protect, and adapt
to changing climate conditions rather than simply
reinforcing coping mechanisms.
2. An understanding of the structural root causes of
poverty in a particular region or sector, permitting
more effective targeting of vulnerability to multiple
shocks and stresses.
Adaptive Social
Protection (2)
3. Incorporation of a rights-based rationale for action, stressing
equity and justice dimensions of chronic poverty and climate
change adaptation in addition to instrumentalist rationale
based primarily on economic efficiency.
4. An enhanced role for research from both the natural and
social sciences to inform the development and targeting of
social protection policies and measures in the context of the
burden of both geophysical hazards and changing climaterelated hazards.
Adaptive Social
Protection (3)
5. A long-term perspective for social protection
policies that takes into account the changing
nature of shocks and stresses
Summary
• Integrating science with SP programme
design/costing
• Shift from crop-insurance to weather indexed
insurance
• SP framing: reactive > proactive resilience-building
• UNFCCC funding streams for SP programming
6. Potential and challenges of ASP
• Overt consideration of climate drivers
• Seasonally-sensitive instrument to address cycles of poverty and
deprivation
• Future proofing social protection’s ability to address changing climate
hazard burden
• Are there limits to social protection’s ability to support adaptive responses?
• e.g of how ASP improves some of the SP/seasonality links- I would also add
mitigation in here – maybe give the example of employment programme – low
carbon growth work programmes that consider seasonality e.g. NREGA – yes
can take account of seasonality work but also through ASP it is place in longterm; providing resources to adapt and helping to mitigate context; through
DRR work also trying to build up resilience