Transcript 1.1 Explain the Earth*s role as a body in space

Earth/Environmental Science
Final Exam Review
Earth/Environmental Science Essential
Standards can be found at:
http://www.dpi.state.nc.us/docs/acre/standard
s/support-tools/unpacking/science/earth.pdf
1.1 Explain the Earth’s role as a
body in space
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1.1.1: Earth’s motions through space
1.1.2: Rotation and revolution
1.1.3: Energy transfer
1.1.4: Energy for life
Earth Motions
Procession
Nutation
Barycenter
Slow, small rotation of the
Earth’s axis
Swaying of the Earth’s axis
Point of rotation between
two bodies in space
Rotation and Revolution
Energy from the Sun
• The Sun produces energy by fusion (hydrogen
atoms combines to form helium atoms)
Solar Energy
• The tilt of the Earth on its axis creates our
seasons (unequal intensity of solar radiation.
• Air heats/cools fastest, land is slower, and
water changes temp the slowest.
• Photosynthesis turns solar energy into
chemical energy (PLANTS!!).
• Earth’s magnetic field protects us from
harmful effects of solar radiation.
2.1 Explain how processes and
forces affect the lithosphere
• 2.1.1: Explain rock cycle, plate tectonics,
volcanoes, and earthquakes.
• 2.1.2: Predict locations of volcanoes and
earthquakes
• 2.1.3: Explain weathering, erosion, and soil
formation
• 2.1.4: Explain the probability of and
preparation for geohazards
The Rock Cycle
Seafloor Spreading and Subduction
• The lithosphere is made up of plates…they
move because of mantle convection
Volcanoes and Earthquakes
Magma
Lava
Underground
molten rock
Above ground
molten rock
Waves
Results
P wave
Fastest wave…move ground back and forth
S wave
Second wave…move ground up and down
Surface wave
Slowest wave…only at surface, most
destructive
Most Earthquakes and Volcanoes
occur at the “Ring of Fire”
(convergence)
Weathering and Soil Formation
Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering
Rock is broken into
smaller pieces
Chemical composition of
rock is changed
Frost wedging, biological
activity
Granite---clay, acid rain,
WATER is most important
Erosion
• Water
• Ice
• Wind
• Gravity
Geohazards
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Landslides
Earthquakes
Tsunamis
Sinkholes
Groundwater pollution
Flooding
• Warning systems
(sirens)
• Construction
regulations
• Reverse 911
• Evacuation plans
2.2 Understand how human
influences impact the lithosphere
• 2.2.1: Explain the consequences of human
activity on the lithosphere
• 2.2.2: Compare various methods humans use
to acquire traditional energy sources
Land Use
Type of Land Use:
Need for:
Consequences of:
Urbanization
Urban areas hold lots of
people and industry
Takes away farm land, can create
heat islands
Deforestation
Need wood products,
areas for people to live,
agrculture
Not as many trees to take carbon
dioxide our of air, habitat loss for
plants/animals
Agriculture
Food for people
Can strip land of natural resources
Energy Resources
Harvesting
Mining
Drilling
Peat
Coal
Oil
Wood
Uranium/plutonium
Natural gas
2.3 Explain the structure and
processes within the hydrosphere
• 2.3.1: Water as an energy agent
• 2.3.2: Ground and surface water interactions
Ocean Currents
Climate Regulation
• Water bodies regulate climate
– Coastal areas are slightly cooler in the winter
– Coastal areas are slightly warmer in the winter
2.4 Evaluate how humans use
water
• 2.4.1: Human influence on freshwater
availability
• 2.4.2: Human influence on freshwater quality
Water Use
Residential
Industrial
Agricultural
Cook, cleaning, Cooling
watering lawn, power
washing cars plants
Raising
livestock,
watering
crops
Drilling wells,
city
municipalities
Irrigation
Lakes,
reservoirs
• Increasing populations
will decrease the
amount of potable (safe
for drinking) water.
2.5 Understand the structure of
and processes within our
atmosphere
• 2.5.1: Structure and composition of
atmosphere
• 2.5.2: Formation of air masses and weather
systems
• 2.5.3: How storms form
• 2.5.4: Predict weather using weather maps
• 2.5.5: Humans impact air quality
Structure of the Atmosphere
Air Masses
Air masses always move
from high to low
pressure
Moisture
Temperature
m= Maritime (wet)
P= Polar (cold)
c= Continental (dry)
T= Tropical (hot)
Gentle wind=small changes
in air pressure (far apart
isobars)
Strong wind=steep changes
in air pressure (close
isobars)
Cyclonic Storms
Hurricanes form over
water ocean water
Tornadoes form from
rotation of thunderclouds
Both: Counterclockwise rotation, require very low pressure
Moisture in the Atmosphere
• Relative Humidity: amount of moisture in the
air/total moisture possible
Acid Rain
2.6 Analyze patterns of global
climate change over time
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2.6.1: Weather vs. Climate
2.6.2: Climate change due to natural processes
2.6.3: Climate change due to humans
2.6.4: Consequences of global climate change
Climate
Weather
Climate
Polar
Temperate
Tropic
Short term
Long term
Near poles
Mid latitudes
Near equator
Changes hourly
Patterns over years
Cold all year
Warm summer,
cool winter
Hot all year
Climate Change by Natural Processes
El Nino
Volcanic Eruptions
Sunspots
Shifts in Orbit
Unusually warm
ocean current from
the Pacific brings
warm and rainy
climate to the US
Ash from eruption
causes solar radiation
to be reflected back
to space=cooling
climate
Corresponds to
unusually warm
climates in North
America and
Europe
Closer to sun=
warmer climate
Farther from sun=
cooler climate
Ocean Acidification
Increased levels of carbon dioxide increases the
acidity of sea water=bad for sea life!!!
2.7 Explain how the lithosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere
individually and collectively affect
the biosphere
• 2.7.1: Biotic vs. Abiotic factors
• 2.7.2: Importance of biodiversity
• 2.7.3: Human impact on the biosphere
Biotic v Abiotic Factors
• Biotic (living)
– Plants
– Animals
– Bacteria
• Abiotic (nonliving)
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Temperature
Water
Precipitation
Natural disasters
Biosphere
• The biosphere consists of all living things on
Earth
• Biodiversity is the genetic variation within
populations and variation of populations
within ecosystems that make up the biosphere
2.8 Evaluate human behaviors in
terms of how likely they are to
ensure the ability to live sustainably
on Earth
• 2.8.1: Alternative energy technology
• 2.8.2: Conventional v. sustainable agriculture
• 2.8.3: Effects of population growth on
resources
• 2.8.4: Reduce, reuse, recycle
Solar
Wind
Nuclear
Biofuels
Wave/Tidal
Geothermal
• +Fuel is free, nonpolluting
• -Equipment is expensive
• +Fuel is free
• -Noise pollution, large tracts of land are
expensive
• +Nonpolluting
• -Can be dangerous (nuclear meltdown)
• +Nonpolluting
• -Expensive to convert vehicles
• + Fuel is free, nonpolluting
• -Hard to find good locations
• Fuel is free, nonpolluting
• Fuel can run out (it is exhaustable)
Conventional vs. Sustainable
Agriculture
Conventional
Sustainable
Chemical pesticides
Organic pesticides
Over farming
Crop rotation
Clear cutting
Using available land
Lots of energy and work from farmer
Less energy from farmer
Mono crop
Poly crop
Bare plot after harvest
Low soil erosion
Population Growth
• Carrying Capacity: most
members of a population
that an ecosystem can
support.
• Limiting Factors
– Food
– Habitat
– Competition
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Use less of a product
Use a product for a new
purpose
Make a product into a
different product
Ex. shorter shower
Ex. Refill a water bottle
Ex. Melt plastics down to
make other plastic
products