Transcript Workshop presentation

In the past 20 years, 4.4 billion people – nearly two-thirds
of the world’s population – have been caught up in
natural disasters.
Causing $2 trillion in damage, the equivalent of the world’s annual
aid budget twenty-five times over.
"As you put more and more people in harms way, you make a disaster out of
something that before was just a natural event,"
Klaus Jacob, senior research scientist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty
Earth Observatory.
It’s far cheaper to prepare well for disasters than to try to pick up the pieces afterwards.
More importantly, it can save a lot of lives.
Photo: Marco di Lauro/GETTY
Last week
NEW DELHI — Flash floods and landslides in
northern India have killed at least 1,000
people in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand
in the past week
12:40 p.m. June 22, 2013
CALGARY, Alberta (Reuters) Southern Alberta braced for more
disruption on Saturday from
floods that have killed at least
two people, forced about 100,000
people from their homes and
blacked out the centre of
Canada's oil capital, Calgary.
Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters
Earthquakes, droughts, floods, and
storms are natural hazards, but the
unnatural disasters are deaths and
damages that result from human
acts of omission and commission.
Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters
The Economics of Effective Prevention Published 2010
http://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/files/nhud/files/NHUDReport_Full.pdf
1755 Lisbon earthquake – the first modern disaster
“…nature did not construct twenty thousand
houses of six to seven stories there, and that if
the inhabitants of this great city had been
more equally spread out and more lightly
lodged, the damage would have been much
less and perhaps of no account”
“How many unfortunate people have perished
in this disaster because of wanting to take his
clothes, another his papers, another his
money?”.
(Rousseau 1755, translation in Dynes 2000,
p.106)
Human beings were responsible for risk because their actions,
not the actions of an unmerciful god, brought consequences.
Event, hazard
or disaster?
Action for students: Discuss what makes an event a hazard or disaster
based on information in the images only.
1
2
3
4
5
Sources:
1 Water http://img.ehowcdn.com/article-new/ehow/images/a06/f9/r2/natural-hazards-disaster-management-800x800.jpg
2 Internal displacement:
http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004BE3B1/(httpGraphics)/B303AB7D46DFD5ECC12578D2005B9C8E/$file/nd-01-big.jpg
3 Haiti earthquake: http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=haiti+earthquake&view=detail&id=CE5C433C1836E995E6DF12FF00689F877DA2DF3F&FORM=IDFRIR
4 Guatemala’s Volcano of Fire:
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=volcanic+eruption+diasaster&view=detail&id=D62AC286BAA6030CE1A08A8E7D78AFC1DB0139E2&FORM=IDFRIR
5 Fault Rupture source: http://www.teara.govt.nz/files/p4411gns.jpg
Contents
6
Event, hazard
or disaster definitions
•
What is a natural event in an uninhabited place becomes a hazard in a
populated one.
•
A hazard is natural or human-made event that adversely affects human life,
property or activity. A hazard involves people.
•
“A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that causes serious disruption of
the functioning of a community or a society causing widespread human,
material, economic and/or environmental losses which exceed the ability of
the affected community or society to cope using its own level of resources.
(Source: UN/ISDR 2004); also used by ECHO
•
Capacity: A combination of all the strengths and resources available within
a community, society or organization that can reduce the level of risk, or the
effects of a disaster.
Source: UN/ISDR, Words Into Action: A Guide for Implementing the Hyogo Framework, Switzerland, 2007
Source: WHO/EHA 2002, Disasters & Emergency definitions; http://www.who.int/disasters/repo/7656.pdf
Contents
7
Recording disasters
For a disaster to be entered into the database of the UN's
International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), at
least one of the following criteria must be met:
• a report of 10 or more people killed
• a report of 100 people affected
• a declaration of a state of emergency by the relevant
government
• a request by the national government for international
assistance
Further terms
A great natural catastrophe is one which satisfies one of
the following
• Number of fatalities exceeds 200
• Number of homeless exceeds 200,000
• The country’s GDP is severely hit
• The country is dependant on international aid
A devastating natural catastrophe is one where either
• The number of fatalities exceeds 500; or
• The overall loss exceeds US$650million
http://projectdisaster.com/media/Disa
sterReview-2011-WHO.pdf
http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology
Making sense of the Data
Data on disaster occurrence, their effect
upon people and cost to countries
remain at best patchy. No single
institution has taken on the role of prime
provider of verified data
THIRTY YEARS OF NATURAL DISASTERS; 1974-2003: THE NUMBERS, published by The Centre for Research
on the Epidemiology of Disasters (CRED)
Encouraging your students to be critical,
analytical and questioning:
Example: are hazardous natural events
becoming more common?
What does the graph appear to show?
Look at the detail on types of hazard. Help your students to see the trends
How might a student explain this?
Trend for
Geophysical
events is not
upward
Why?
More ‘events’? Climate change?
More vulnerable people?
Better reporting?
General
Upward
Trend
Storm
and
Flood
hazards
rising
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/24476_20120104munichre.pdf
Natural disasters 1980 – 2005 – Taking it global
http://issues.tigweb.org/disasters
Patterns and…
http://nhb-arcims.si.edu/ThisDynamicPlanet/index.html
….Distributions
Sample CRED data
•
There have been 3.3 million deaths from natural hazards since 1970, or about 82,500 a year, with large year-to-year fluctuations and no pronounced
time trends. Droughts are the deadliest of the four hazard categories (earthquakes, floods, and storms are the others) and poor countries suffer
disproportionately—almost 1 million people died in Africa’s droughts alone. Poor countries withstand the worst of disaster deaths (map 1).
This map from Just Teach is clear and displays key features. Dates do not
really matter in this context since it is the distribution that is the focus. Upto-date maps showing recent patterns for the last few days or weeks can be
accessed from the USGS’s National Earthquake Information Centre.
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/
Student activity
There are lots of possible questions that students could consider:
Are earthquakes evenly distributed across the world?
Describe the pattern of earthquakes (linear belts, around the edge of the Pacific
Ocean, etc.).
Are there variations in the concentration and spread of earthquakes within the
linear belts?
Where are most of the earthquakes clustered?
http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/map/
The Global Risk Data Platform shows global risk from natural hazards.
http://preview.grid.unep.ch/index.php?preview=map&lang=eng
Hazards are not ‘bolts from the blue’
We can forecast where natural hazards will occur because they
have recurred repeatedly in the same places.
Why are places
vulnerable to natural hazards?
Haiti is especially vulnerable to hydro meteorological events, such as, cyclones and geophysical
hazards ,such as earthquakes, because of:
• Physical location
• Climate change
• Topography
• Deforestation
• Lack of infrastructure: roads, water and electricity network, sewage and drainage
• Poverty
• Frequent natural hazards
Action for students:
List reasons why Japan and Haiti are countries with the highest risk in the world to natural
hazards. Why are they so susceptible, exposed to danger?
Compare and contrast Haiti and Japan using disaster websites:
• Prevention web for risk profile:
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/risk.php?iso=hti
• International Disaster Database EM-DAT (www.emdat.be) and
• Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters, CRED (www.cred.be), for instance
http://cred.be/sites/default/files/PressConference2010.pdf.
25
Why do people choose to live in Hazardous areas?
More people and assets are being placed in
harm’s way.
Why risk living in
a hazardous area?
There are far more people living
in potentially hazardous area than
you might expect.
Choice e.g.
Economic
opportunities like
tourism, farming,
mining,
geothermal power
Ignorance of the
risks and / or
underestimation of
risk
Living in
areas of
tectonic
risk?
Inertia; always
lived there, roots
Nowhere else to go /
lack of alternatives
Source: Edexcel Unit 4, Option 1 Tectonic Activity and Hazards
27
http://www.examiner.com/article/we-live-hazardous-areas-for-the-views
http://reflectionsnatasha.blogspot.co.uk/2012/01/why-dopeople-live-in-hazardous-areas.html
http://www.slideshare.net/geographyalltheway/ib-geography-hazards-and-disasters-why-people-live-inhazardous-areas
Comparing Vulnerability
Bam Iran
Dec 2003
6.6 Richter scale
Oaxaca, Mexico
March 2012
7.4 Richter scale
Deaths Injuries
25,000 deaths
2 people killed
Property damage
Economic losses
$10 billion. Up to
90,000 people
displaced
18000 buildings
destroyed
Over 30,000 houses
damaged or
destroyed
Comments
90% buildings built
out of clay (adobe)
with no structural
frame. Emergency
services were
damaged by the
quake.
moderately
populated region,
with a mix of
earthquakeresistant and
vulnerable
structures
Physical factors affecting
the impact of a tectonic event
Physical Factors:
• Distance from epicentre
• Richter Scale / Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI):
the higher on the scale, the more potentially devastating
• Duration of the hazard
• Scale of the hazard
• Frequency of the hazard
• Magnitude of the hazard
• Time of day
• Time of year and climate
• Geography of the area, accessibility
33
Human factors affecting
the impact of a tectonic event
Human factors:
• Social, political and economic conditions / level of development.
• Population density: rural or urban area
• Frequency and severity of hazards affecting the area
• Experience from previous hazards in the area
• Methods of coping with hazards
• Accuracy in predicting the hazards
• Effectiveness and response of hazard warning and evacuation
procedures
• Speed and efficiency of local, national and international emergency
response teams and long-term reconstruction and development
services
• Coordination and perception of the services
• Presence of other humanitarian crisis
34
Disaster risk
• Disaster risk continues to increase globally, with more people and
assets located in areas of high risk. Over the past 30 years, the
world’s population has grown by 87 per cent.
• The proportion of the population living in flood‐prone river basins
increased by 114 per cent and on cyclone‐exposed coastlines
by 192 per cent.
• More than half of the world's large cities, with populations
ranging from 2 to 15 million, are currently located in areas of high
risk of seismic activity.
• The continued growth in cities and urban areas presents a further
challenge. Half of humanity now lives in urban centres, with
70 per cent of the world’s population expected to live in urban
areas by 2050. This growth is largely driven in low‐ and
middle‐income nations in locations already prone to earthquakes,
droughts and floods.
http://www.munichre.com/app_pages/www/@res/pdf/natcatservice/database/catastrophe_classes_touch_en.pdf
Calculating Risk
Often risk is seen as the product of the probability of
occurrence of a particular geophysical event and expected
losses.
Probability is usually assessed through historical trends.
• Useful in evaluating technical risk
• But, does not incorporate consequences.
Risk
(number of expected human impacts) =
probability of a given hazard plus amount of people living in a given
exposed area plus vulnerability depending on socio-politico-economical
context of this population and resilience or coping strategies.
Dregg Disaster Model
Dregg’s model (Earthquakes Venn
Diagram) shows the overlap of natural
hazard and human vulnerability.
The greater the scale of a earth
process or event and the more
vulnerable and exposed the people,
the greater the scale of the natural
hazards or disaster.
“Disasters do not just happen – they result
from failures of development which
increase vulnerability to hazard events.”
e.g., rapid urban growth leading to
increased exposure to landslides,
earthquakes or fire.” (White, Philip et al 2004, 3)
Risk = Vulnerability x Hazard
Source: Edexcel Unit 4, Option 1- tectonic activity and hazards.
White, Philip, et al, Disaster risk reduction: a development concern,
DFID, 2004, 3.
Digby et al, Geography for Edexcel, Oxford University Press.
Contents
39
Disaster Risk
Equation
People can be affected by natural disasters anywhere.
However, the risk of disaster grows as global hazards
and people’s vulnerability increases, while their capacity to
cope decreases. The Disaster Risk Formula measures
hazard vulnerability:
Factors that decrease risk include:
• Effective warning and preparedness,
• Better planning and building practices,
• Development and insurance.
Source: FAO, http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ae080e/ae080e01.htm
http://www.who.int/hac/techguidance/preparedness/emergency_preparedness_eng.pdf
Contents
40
Exemplar table for your
research: hazard impacts over time
Action for students: Draw a table to organise and capture your research for
each case study using the prompts in the table.
Impacts
Physical
Social
Economic
Short term
Notable examples of natural and humanbuilt landscape destroyed. Fires due to
gas pipe explosions and electrical
damage? Landslides and flooding?
Numbers of killed and
injured, noting those in
essential service
professionals like doctors
and policemen injured. Lack
of food and health supplies?
Damage or loss of homes,
transport, communications,
health care facilities, energy
and water supply systems?
Note tangible losses due to the direct impact
of property damage like destruction to shops
and trade damaged or disrupted. Also,
indirect losses resulting from social economic
disruption, trade impacted by loss of
communication, transport and water and
energy supply infrastructure. Looting?
Long term
Intangible losses like the destruction of
important natural and human landmarks
and fertile lands.
Put here public health
problems like disease (e.g.,
cholera due to contaminated
water and lack of hygiene).
Numbers of homeless and
displaced people needing
shelter and rehousing.
Information on indirect
impacts like stress and
psychological damage.
Are settlements and shops being rebuilt and,
if so, to higher standards? Settlements
moved? People rehoused? Is there any
positive impact in the form of aid,
reconstruction and grants?
Contents
41
2013 Global Assessment Report on
Disaster Risk Reduction
The central message of the 2013 Global Assessment
Report on Disaster Risk Reduction (GAR13) is that, in the
aftermath of the global economic crisis, the
competitiveness, resilience and sustainability of
businesses, cities and countries will increasingly be
defined by their capacity to manage and reduce their
disaster risks.
Rather than being viewed as a cost, disaster risk
management is increasingly being viewed as an
opportunity to enhance competitiveness.
http://www.preventionweb.net/posthfa/documents/GAR
13%202-PAGE%20SUMMARY%20final..pdf
Millennium Development Goals and
Disaster Risk Reduction
Disaster risk must be part of new development
goals - global forum
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professi
onal/news/v.php?id=33337
Who’s most affected by economic losses from disasters?
Disaster hotspots
The impact of natural hazards differs
between and within countries
and regions and countries. Asia
is the most affected by
natural hazards the
Philippines, Japan, India,
Bangladesh, China, Indonesia
most hazard-prone.
Identifying a hot spot can have
major implications for development
and investment planning,
A hazard hotspot is an area of
disaster preparedness and
multiple hazard zones. In large, rapidly
loss prevention. Yet, long lists of
growing urban areas in hazard prone areas,
the potential for hazards to turn into disasters priorities can be more immediate than
risk management.
is great.
Source: White, Philip, et al, Disaster risk reduction:
a development concern, (DFID, 2004) 3.
45
The Insurance business
• The world’s largest geographically-driven
business?
• insured by reinsurance
• And a geographical gambling industry
How is risk be calculated?
Are Catastrophe losses becoming more
catastrophic?
How do we make sense of this trend?
Resilience to global risks
“Economic
gains
have yet
to transform
resilience
the risks:
Which are the
10 countries
most
exposed andthe
least
resilient toofglobal
BRICs to major risk events,” Maplecroft CEO Alyson Warhurst.
Somalia (1), DR Congo (2), South Sudan (3), Sudan (4), Afghanistan (5), Pakistan (6),
“Improvements
in basic
infrastructure,
such
Central African Republic
(7), Iraqsocial
(8), Myanmar
(9) and Yemen
(10).as education,
healthcare and sanitation for large sections of society, are vital in
combating
the
of global
risks. Without
these,
and
Which
countries
areimpacts
of most concern
for investors
and business
?
improvements
theChina
BRICs
may not
The
BRICS economiesin
ofgovernance,
Brazil, Russia, India
and economies
South Africa resilience
to fully
withstand
global risks
is increasingly
important, as they become central to the fortunes
realise their
investment
potential.”
of the global economy due to their increased economic might and integration with
individual economies.
http://maplecroft.com/themes/gr/
None
of BRICs have improved their performance in relation to their resilience to global
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.ph
risks over the course of the last four years. This is despite cumulative GDP growth
p?id=25221
between 2009 and 2012 of 16% for Brazil, 13% for Russia, 28% for India and 32% for
China.
Prevention and Preparedness
IAEG2006 Paper number 518 © The Geological Society of London 2006 1
Strategy and programmes for geological education in geohazard vulnerable areas in the South-East Asia
D. KARNAWATI1, , S. PRAMUMIJOYO2, , AND K. UCHINO3
A campaign for global safe schools and
safe health structures?
"Who can forget the shocking fact that 97
percent of the schools in Port-au-Prince
collapsed in the 2010 earthquake? It is of huge
concern that the lives and education of millions
of children living in seismic zones and flood
plains around the world are at risk," Eliasson
said. "Hazard risk assessments are essential
before investing in critical infrastructure which
can lead to loss of lives if not disaster-proof.“
http://www.preventionweb.net/english/professional/news/v.php?id=33337
Xinjian Primary School, China, May 08
‘Society, rather than nature, decides who is more likely to
be exposed to dangerous geophysical agents’
Hewitt (1997)
Effective Prevention
• The best way of dealing with natural disasters is often before they occur:
early warning systems, advance planning, encouraging natural protections
like minimizing deforestation or protecting wetlands, building codes, flood
control, and more. For a nice overview of such efforts around the world, I
recommend the 2010 report on "Natural Hazards, UnNatural Disasters:
The Economics of Effective Prevention," from the World Bank. The report
begins: "The adjective “UnNatural” in the title of this report conveys its
key message: earthquakes, droughts, floods, and storms are natural
hazards, but the unnatural disasters are deaths and damages that result
from human acts of omission and commission. Every disaster is unique,
but each exposes actions—by individuals and governments at different
levels—that, had they been different, would have resulted in fewer deaths
and less damage. Prevention is possible, and this report examines what it
takes to do this cost-effectively."
http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.co.uk/2012/11/economics-andnatural-disasters.html
• The U.N. is well aware that building resilience is the key to
maintaining development and reducing loss from natural disasters.
• An important goal for the U.N. is to offer advice and embed clear
resilience and mitigation strategies into governmental policy and
ensure that these policies are effectively enforced.
• However much of the U.N. data on human exposure to natural
disasters are not entirely accurate and often out of date. Worryingly
there appears to be no clear procedure for updating this
information. Improving resilience becomes much more difficult
without knowing the nature of the hazards faced. It is clear that the
U.N. needs to invest in resources to update key data tables such as
exposure and vulnerability; combining information from industry,
especially the re-insurance sector, and outputs from the scientific
community.
http://climateandgeohazards.wordpress.com/
The Sabiha Gökçen International Airport
terminal in Istanbul opened on Halloween
2009 and is the largest "seismically-isolated"
building in the world.
L’Aquila, Italy (2009)
http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2009/04/the_laquila_earthquake.html
Contents
57
Jail for members
of the Great Risks Commission
Case Study: L'Aquila, Italy (2009)

Earthquake of magnitude 6.3 hit the Abruzzi town of L'Aquila on 6 April
2009 following a series of swarms (small, but numerous tremors on a
daily basis) during the preceding 2 months.

In a public meeting 6 days prior to the main shock, members of Italy's
Great Risks Commission downplayed the likelihood of a major quake and
did not reiterate what risks people faced if one did occur.

This was in response to an amateur seismologist, Giampaolo Giuliani, who
was predicting a major quake based on radon readings on his home made
radon monitoring devices.

On 22 October 2012, 6 scientists and one ex-government official (all
members of the great risks commission who attended the meeting) were
found guilty of manslaughter by an Italian judge, as they played down the
risks of a major shock. They were sentenced to 6 years in prison.
Contents
Pitfalls to Prediction
and Communication of Risks
Reasons for authorities and people not to act on disaster warnings:
•
Uncertainty in scientific information / difficulty in predicting earthquakes
•
Unease with scientific jargon (communicate in less academic fashion)
•
•
•
Lacking emergency response infrastructure ,for example, national and international
channels between scientists, authorities, agencies and communities and linked
policies.
Competing risks/priorities (need to assess likely post-earthquake behaviour to target
warnings)
Too many false alarms (need to use local hazard indicators, such as, animal
behaviour and work with media).
Sources:
http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110914/pdf/477264a.pdf, http://www.nature.com/news/l-aquila-verdict-row-grows-1.11683,
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2012/11/01/laquila-earthquake-conviction/
http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/early-warning-of-disasters-facts-and-figures/
Contents
Why were the
experts jailed?
Action for students:
1. Using research from previous slides and taking into
account the difficulty of predicting earthquakes, why have
these experts been jailed? The media suggests it is
because they did not accurately predict the 6 April major
shock. Evidence suggests, however, that they misled the
public as to the risks of such a quake occurring and that
the public then acted as though the risk was small.
2. What are the implications for predicting major natural
disasters in the future, not just earthquakes?
60
Game-changers? Burgeoning cities, climate
change, and climate-related catastrophes
• Scientists have identified several catastrophes
that a changing climate might trigger: drastic
sea level rise, disruption of ocean currents,
large-scale disruptions to the global
ecosystem, and accelerated climate change,
for example, from large releases of methane
now trapped by permafrost.
‘It would seem that the only plausible
explanation for the rise in weather-related
catastrophes is climate change’.
Joe Romm - senior Fellow at American Progress
http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/01/04/207288/munich-re-pielke-extremeweather-damages-climate-change/
Climate change
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change highlighted that,
as a result of climate change, the frequency of heavy precipitation
events would likely increase in the 21st century over many regions and
increases in the frequency of warm daily temperature extremes and
decreases in cold extremes would occur on a global scale.
Heat waves will very likely increase in length, frequency and/or
intensity over most land areas, as will the average maximum wind
speed of tropical cyclones in many ocean basins.
Climate change, therefore, is a main driver of risk across sectors.
http://www.preventionweb.net/files/30374_thinkpieceondrmfinal.pdf
"The shocking loss of life in India underlines how
vitally important it is that we start planning for
future scenarios far removed from anything that
we may have experienced in the past. When we
look at the worldwide escalation in economic
losses from disasters over the last five years it is
clear that our exposure to extreme events is
growing and this trend needs to be addressed
through better land use and more resilient
infrastructure as we seek to cope with
population growth and rapid urbanization.
The possible impact of climate change
• Scientists have identified several catastrophes
that a changing climate might trigger: drastic
sea level rise, disruption of ocean currents,
large-scale disruptions to the global
ecosystem, and accelerated climate change,
for example, from large releases of methane
now trapped by permafrost.
•
The growing density of people and economic activity will change the economics of effective prevention. But greater
exposure need not increase vulnerability if cities are well managed. Climate change complicates this further. The
scientific models to forecast weather do not allow confident projections at the local level, but the intensity, frequency,
and distribution of hazards will change with the climate. The expected annual damage from climate-change induced
tropical cyclones alone could be in the $28 billion to $68 billion range.
In your opinion, which of the following are
weaknesses of typical undergraduates when
they begin degree level study in your subject?
Biology
(N = 150)
English
(N = 150)
Mathematics
(N = 179)
Other
(N = 154)
None of the
above
Other
Teamwork &
collaborative
skills
Depth of
subject
knowledge
Communication
& presentation
skills
Intellectual
curiosity &
motivation
Mathematical
& numerical
skills
Practical
and/or ICT
skills
Critical / higher
order thinking
skills
Independent
inquiry /
research skills
Self-directed
study
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Academic
writing skills
% responses
Academic writing, self-directed study, independent inquiry, & critical
thinking skills are often considered weaknesses
Which of the following, if any, are contributing
factors to 1st year undergraduates being
underprepared for degree level study?
% responses
Too much ‘teaching to the test’ is considered a major factor
contributing to undergraduates being underprepared
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Too much
'teaching to
the test' at A
level
Modular
structure of
some A level
courses
Mismatch
Lack of
Low entry
between
teaching
requirements
course
beyond the A among HEIs
content at A
level
level & at syllabus/spec
degree level in schools &
colleges
Biology
(N = 150)
English
(N = 150)
Lack of
uptake of
optional
research
projects
among 16 to
19 year olds
Lack of
Pressure on
uptake of
HE staff to
extraaccept weak
curricular
applicants for
activities
funding
among 16 to
reasons
19 year olds
Mathematics
(N = 179)
Other
(N = 154)
Other
None of the
above
Natural hazards, unnatural disasters. Natural
hazards have the greatest impact on the poorest
members of the world’s population. “We cannot
eliminate disasters but we can mitigate risk. We
can reduce damage and we can save more lives.”
Ban Ki-Moon, United Nations Secretary General
To what extent do you agree with these views? (40
marks)
Final Thoughts......
http://www.disaster-report.com/
Some useful links
• http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/
• http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/tehuacan-diviningdestiny/
• http://planetark.org/enviro-news/
• http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/series/eyewitness
• http://news.yahoo.com/tsunamis-earthquakes-overduelake-tahoe-152553964.html
• http://southtahoenow.com/story/05/23/2012/newearthquake-technology-reveals-lake-tahoe-faults-couldgenerate-large-events
• http://www.ibtimes.com/natural-disasters-are-hittingharder-not-because-global-warming-1141461
And some more ....
• http://www.trulia.com/real_estate/South_Lake_T
ahoe-California/
• http://serc.carleton.edu/files/NAGTWorkshops/vi
sualization/examples/Global_Earthquakes_1_intr
o.mp4
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_
embedded&v=D8Py3XgRMkk
• http://stateimpact.npr.org/texas/2013/06/05/hig
h-wildfire-risk-longer-fire-season-possible-thisyear/
• http://www.preventionweb.net/posthfa/
And even more...
http://www.preventionweb.net/english
/hyogo/mdg/?pid:507&pil:1
http://www.preventionweb.net/english
/professional/news/v.php?id=25221