Transcript Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction in Vietnam

Climate Change Adaptation and
Disaster Risk Reduction in Vietnam:
Gaps between policy and practice
Initial Findings for Discussion
Nguyen Ngoc Huy, PhD
Consultant
Introduction
• Climate change bringing more related risks
• The Government of Vietnam aware the climate change risks
should be taken into consideration for socio-economic
development
• There were many laws, decisions, national programmes
related to disaster management and climate change
adaptation have been issued and implementing
• Efforts from local people, NGOs and donors
This Vietnam country study is an overview of
policy landscape and analysis of gaps and
challenges between policy and practice of DRR
and CCA of the country
Methodology framework
Desk Study
Desk study
Interviews
Field visit
Policy
implementa on
Case
studies
Key DRR policy
documents
Key CCA policy
documents
Policy
landscape
Policy mapping
Policy and prac ce
analysis
Policy GAPs
Challenges
Policy recommenda on
Opportuni es
List of main DRR policies, legislations
reviewed
• Law on Natural Disaster Preparedness and
Response
• National strategy on disaster prevention,
response and mitigation until 2020
• Community awareness raising and communitybased disaster risk management (CBDRM)
• Some other relevant law which are indirect to
disaster management (dike law, water resource
law, etc)
List of main CCA policies, legislations
reviewed
• The Central Resolution on proactive response to
climate change
• National Strategy on Climate change
• The National Target Program on Climate change
• National Scientific and Technological Programme
on Climate change
• Support Program for Climate change Adaptation
• Action plan on climate change response of
agriculture and rural development sector in the
period 2011-2015 and vision to 2050
Indicators for review
Indicator
Content for assessment
Rights
Equal share in recovery efforts; access to risk information; right to be
consulted; rights specific to women and children; access to health,
education and food during and after disasters, etc.
Inclusive
Involves hazard prone communities at national, sub-national and
local level in: a) consultations before and during policy formulation;
b) grievances; c) policy review/impact monitoring.
“Multi-stakeholder” – including in the process: (a) those who are
excluded by gender, age, ethnicity, etc
Specificity
The policy creates rules, duties, and rights that are clear,
unconditional, time bound
Institutional
Set-up
An entity is created or identified to implement, coordinate or
enforce the policy at national, sub-national and local levels
Information
Policy refers to vital data (risks, vulnerabilities, and losses) and/or
provides how vital data will be acquired in subsequent stages of
policy implementation
Indicators for review (cont)
Indicator
Content for assessment
Legal Status
Policy is “strong” and well-recognised, e.g. a new law, Executive
Order, or Memorandum Circular.
Policy status
Policy is prioritized by the political leadership or carries a broad
political consensus by the parliament or it is an administrative or
executive order.
Public
Discourse
Policy figures prominently in the mainstream (traditional and online)
media or in statements by opinion leaders
Gender / Food
Security /
Livelihood
The policy talks about these or some of these issues.
We then used a basic rating system of High, Medium, and Low to assess the
particular policy in relation to the Indicator.
Key findings
DRR related policy and National programs
INDICATOR
RIGHTS
INCLUSIV
E-NESS
SPECIFICITY
INSTITUTIONAL
SET-UP
INFORM
A-TION
LEGAL
STATUS
POLITICA
L STATUS
PUBLIC
DISCOURSE
GENDER,
FOOD
SECURITY
, LIVELIHOOD
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
POLICY
A.DRR policies
Law on Natural
Disaster
Preparedness and
Response
National strategy on
disaster prevention,
response and
mitigation until 2020
Community
awareness raising
and communitybased disaster risk
management
(CBDRM)
• Rights and Genders are low
• Legal status and Political status are high
Key findings
CCA related policies and national programs
INDICATOR
RIGHTS
INCLUSIV
E-NESS
SPECIFICITY
INSTITUTIONAL
SET-UP
INFORM
A-TION
LEGAL
STATUS
POLITICA
L STATUS
PUBLIC
DISCOURSE
GENDER,
FOOD
SECURITY
, LIVELIHOOD
LOW
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
National Scientific
and Technological
Programme on
Climate change
LOW
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
LOW
LOW
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
Support Program for
Climate change
Adaptation
LOW
HIGH
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
MEDIUM
HIGH
HIGH
LOW
LOW
POLICY
B. CCA Policies
The Central
Resolution on
proactive response
to climate change
National Strategy on
Climate change
The National Target
Program on Climate
change
• Rights and Genders are low
• Legal status and Political status are high
Achievements of DRR policies and
national programs
• The National Strategy for Natural Disaster
Prevention, Response and Mitigation to 2020
(Strategy 2020) applies a comprehensive
multi-risk approach. It is the first policy in
which DRR is linked to socio-economic
development
• Basically, this policy is the foundation for the
Community base disaster risk reduction
program and Disaster law
Achievements of DRR policies and
national programs
• The CBDRM gives a high priority to capacity-building at all
government levels to enable them to support communities
in prevention, mitigation and response activities.
• The main emphasis is on non-structural activities such as
awareness-raising, risk assessment, and development of an
early warning system.
• Related to community involvement is the ‘four on-the-spot’
motto.
• VCA with great efforts from Red Cross and NGOs
• NGOs partnership with Gov on implementing CBDRM
• The Disaster law has became effect from May 2014, and it
has the fist follow up decision on establishing the disaster
fund (October 2014)
Gaps between policy and practice
(DRR)
• Rights of people is included, but it is very
general, not specifically address to
vulnerability groups.
• The law is published on the media of Nation
widely, but the local people did not know
about this, including officers at district level.
• The local stakeholders are only generally
aware of the content of legislation that is
relevant for their work or personal situation.
Gaps between policy and practice
(DRR)
• Most of the articles in the legislations deal with the functions and
responsibilities of different government agencies. But it is still very
general and the local level could not use without sub-support
documents
• Overlapping on water management (MONRE, MARD and MoIT)
• These articles are very relevant for government staff at the
national, provincial and district level and to a certain degree for the
local government at commune level. People understand the law
and policy, but could not implementing proactively
• Local officers aware of regulations directly affecting them, such as
early warning, the role of defence forces in providing assistance for
evacuations, and regulations protecting dykes. But the application
into SEDP and their life is still limited
• The law development process has involved many actors for
consultations, but very few words mentioned about gender, food
security and livelihood. The role of women is not clear description
in the law.
Gaps between policy and practice
(DRR)
• Financial issues
– The CBDRM 1002 Decision identifies an amount of 546
billion VND (about 26 million USD) to be obtained from the
state budget for implementing this project until the year
2020. But the state budget is not available from the
beginning (depend on International donors and ODA)
– Number of target communes is 6,000, thus each commune
could have $6,000 for DRR implementation. What to do
with this amount of budget?
– In principle the legal framework allows the use of 2% to 5%
of the local budget for prevention measures, however
according to a number of those interviewed, in practice,
this budget is used primarily for disaster response or other
unforeseen circumstances and is rarely allocated for
prevention measures.
Gaps between policy and practice
(DRR)
• Gender, livelihood issues
– Gender issues have been
considered to include in
the legislations. But it is
still very general and
could not help at the
local level
– Role of women on policy
development is still
limited
– Women has not been
involved in DRR
activities, EXCEPT some
pilot projects/programs
implementing by DMC
and NGOs
– There is one national
policy on Agriculture
adaptation to climate
change, but these is
limited of
implementation
Ms Le Thuan, official of Hai Chau district at a
DRR activity in Da Nang in 2014
Achievements of CCA policies and
national programs
NTP:
• Identified trends and happenings of some climatic factors;
• Developed, updated and publicized climate change and sea level rise
scenarios (2009, 2011)
• Developed digital altitude of high accuracy for studies, reviews and
development of socio-economic development planning;
• Assessed climate change impacts on sectors and areas; proposed
proper adaptation measures and issued ministerial, sectoral and local
action plans for climate change adaptation.
• Enhanced awareness of climate change and response capacities,
especially at central level and in pilot provinces under the Programme;
• 63 provinces and cities have developed action plan for 2010-2015, with
the vision to 2020
Achievements of CCA policies and
national programs
NTP (continued)
• Piloted some climate change adaptation models in Quang Nam and
Ben Tre with supports from Danish Government; completing and
putting into use multi-functional houses for storm and flood shelter,
revetments and channels for hydraulic and transportation purposes;
and salt – fresh water water processing plants, etc., practically
benefiting and highly valuated by the people.
• Constructed 226 automatic rain measuring stations in the Central
Region, the Central High land and Mekong river basin, contributing
to the gradual completion of disaster warning system in the context of
climate change.
• Some other province/cities have been implanting Climate resilience
projects under supports of WB, ADB, GIZ, Rockefeller Foundation,
IFAD,…
Achievements of CCA policies and
national programs
National strategy for CCA
- Developed and implemented 165 policy actions during 2010 - 2013;
- Established policy dialogue in climate change among ministries, sectors,
supported by donors, NGOs and businesses;
- Established coordination and cooperation mechanism between central
and local agencies, between governmental agencies and donors;
- Mobilized more than USD 650 millions from donors such as JICA, AfD,
WB, Canada, Australia and Korea during 2010 - 2012; (2013-2013 has not
been counted)
- Developed and issued Guideline for ministries, sectors and local
authorities to propose projects;
Gaps between CCA policies and
practices
• Provincial Climate Action Plans (CAPs) in Vietnam are
consistently weak in relationship to implementing
recommendations (no follow up actions) if without
donor support
• The next round of updating CAPs as requested by
MONRE to every province by April 2004 has already
pointed out this weakness and asks for better links
between climate planning and provincial SEDPs,
• There was inconsistent treatment of monitoring issues
by local governments in almost programmes (except
Quang Nam and Ben Tre and other provinces where
have international support and NGOs)
Gaps between CCA policies and
practices
• The Climate scenarios are still very general, could not
applied for CAPs and mainstreaming into SEDPs
• The usual practice in Vietnam is that data is closely held by
government agencies, and only released in exchange for
payment (paying for climate data)
• Gender issues is mentioned in some legislations of the
government but it is not clear how. In the action plan
developed by provinces, there were some proposed
priority actions focus on capacity building for women
(action plan of Can Tho, Hue) but there was no any project
is implemented so far
• Gender issues are only considered to integrated in some
projects by NGOs
Conclusions
• Government of Vietnam pay a high attention on DRR and
CCA
• Almost polies and legislations are ranked at high level of
political status and legal status. But, still a big gap between
policy at the National level and the implementation at
lower level (provincial, district and commune level).
• Gaps between legislations among different sectors (for
example the water management issues among ministries)
• MONRE and MARD work separately because of difference
function and mandate. Thus CCA and DRR at policy level is
separately.
Conclusions
• These have been a lot of good practices done by
NGOs at local level, but it is hard to promote for
replication widely and for policy improvement
• Big gap of policy and implementation because of
Finance is depend on ODA and donors
• Policy on Disaster management and Climate
change adaptation are separately. Not really
consider of building resilience with livelihood
improvement
Recommendations
• Coordination between line ministries needs to be
urgently improved , and cooperation with
international agencies and NGOs enhanced so
that climate change can be addressed in an
integrated way with long-term socio-economic
and poverty reduction efforts.
• A National Platform for DRR and CCA, that brings
together Viet Nam’s multiple stakeholders to
effectively advocate for DRR and CCA at different
levels
Recommendations
•
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Establishing a National Platform for:
Cooperation among key ministries and government bodies
Gaining support from donors and nationally based UN agencies
Increasing integration of DRR and CCA in international development and
humanitarian assistance programmes and strategies;
Infusing DRR and CCA into national development policies, strategies, legislation or
national plans; (for financial mobilization/ effectiveness)
HFA achievement
Encouraging community participation in DRR through awareness raising and
training activities;
Involving media, private sector, scientific community in DRR and CCA issues;
Strengthening the regional cooperation
Gender issues and livelihood could be discussed and integrated
Platform for good practices sharing and policy dialogues
Thank you for your attention