Transcript Apresentação do PowerPoint

Building a Green Economy for
Sustainable Development in
Carriacou and Petite Martinique
Presentation Rio-20+ Summit
June, 2012
Background
 The State of Grenada consists of three islands - Grenada,
Carriacou and Petite Martinique which form the southern
end of the Windward Islands.
 Formerly colonized for many years, first by the French
(from 1650 to 1655) and conquered by the British in 1783.
The three islands still retain traces of these European
influences in their culture, architecture and place names.
 Carriacou and Petite Martinique are approximately 3 miles
apart. The island was called by the Amerindians
“Kayryouacou", meaning "the land of reefs.“
Background continued
• The first European founder of the island of
Petite Martinique was a French Fisherman
called Mr. Pierre from Martinique. It is thought
that he figured that the isle was shaped
roughly like Martinique so he named it Petit
(little) Martinique.
Location:
12 28’N & 61 28’W
Population:
Carriacou- 8,000;
Petite Martinique- 1,000
Size:
Carriacou- 13sq miles;
Petite Martinique- 586 acres
• Fishing is the main source of
livelihood for the people of
Petite Martinique
Governance Profile
Pre independence: District Board
Green
economy
1974: constitutional requirement: Local
government
National
government
1995: Ministry of Carriacou and Petite
Martinique
2009: Process for the establishment of local
government
Local
Government
Socio-Economic Context
Health,
Education and
wellness
Eco-Tourism
and
Hospitality
services
Agrobusiness
Green
economy
Communication
Technology
Energy
development
Economic Profile
Sources of $
Level of
contribution
Future
Greening
potential
Tourism
small
Growth
Agriculture
Small but
important
Growth (niche
area)
Good potential
Remittances
high
Can decline
Good if
directed
Fishing
Significant
(PM)
Perhaps
peaking
Good
Other Services
Significant
Can grow
Fair
Good potential
Local Context
We recognize;
1.
Imports of ALL fossil fuel for transport and electricity
2.
High cost of electricity and petroleum products
3.
Severe impacts on our environment from climate change
4.
Limited availability of water supply. Only rain water harvesting
5.
Limited employment opportunities and consequently emigration
of young generations
6.
Limited agricultural production output
Global Context
Climate
Change
Green
Economy
Sustainable
Development
1.
Climate change still at the top of the agenda but losing importance
2.
Limited natural resources in comparison to emerging economies (e.g.,
Brazil, India, China) and 7 billion population.
3.
The need for a different development model that could better reflect
well-being and happiness (from GDP growth to a more integrated model)
4.
Sustainable Development: a holistic approach that considers social,
economic and environmental dimensions and institutional,
infrastructure and security issues in an inter-generational manner
What everyone would like to see...
Climate
Change
Green
Economy
Sustainable
Development
1.
Action, Action and Action
2.
Specific advances , success and efforts that demonstrate progress
toward sustainable development against climate change and
adaptation
3.
Robust information that supports strong understanding, in-depth
assessment of the situation and best solutions for mitigation
4.
Statistics and indicators that allow the monitoring of progress in
trends towards sustainable development goals
Why a Green Economy for
Carriacou & Petite Martinique
1. An ideal microcosm to demonstrate what it would take to green an
economy in the pursuit of sustainable development for its people.
2.
An opportunity to lead by example at a cost defined by the scale
of development against the challenges of climate change impacts
3.
An opportunity for Grenada to lead the research for SIDS, in the
demonstration of successful climate change mitigation and
adaptation measures.
Target Sectors for Greening
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Renewable Energy
Environment
Eco Tourism
Agriculture
Green Jobs
Transport
Education
Water Resources
Electricity Supply in Grenada
• Grenada Electricity Services Limited
(GRENLEC) provides electrical generation and
distribution to Grenada, Carriacou and Petite
Martinique.
• Carriacou power station consists of four
generator sets with an aggregate capacity of 3.2
MW
• Based on 2010 data, Petite Martinique’s
average annual demand was 91 kW
Renewable Energy
Potential for application;
• WIND ENERGY:Favorable wind
resource for wind turbine power
generation in the Caribbean.
• WASTE FROM ENERGY: produces
electricity through direct combustion
of waste, or by combutible fuel such
as methane or syngas.
• SOLAR ENERGY : hot-water systems,
Concentrated solar-thermal-electric
(STE) devices, Photovoltaic systems
Renewable Energy Distribution
• Distribution to households
• Emergency services (police, fire
station)
• Emergency shelters
• Medical stations and Hospital
• Nursing homes and Daycare
centres
Disaster Resilient Energy Systems
• Electrical grids particularly vulnerable to natural
disasters
• Distributed generation systems could enhance the
resilience of the electrical infrastructure
• Mobile diesel and solar generators can be used after
a disaster to provide emergency power
• Grid-connected distributed generation systems are
geographically dispersed;
• Ability to isolate the system from the grid during a
fault.
Urban Planning Vision and Green
Building Standards
Increased
prevalence of
electronic devices
and computers
Higher demand for
electricity in
buildings and
homes
More
environmentally
sustainable
stuctures
• Mandatory certification of all new government buildings;
• Commercial builders could be offered incentives to green
buildings such as tax credits and expedited planning approval;
• Rebates to homeowners who purchase energy efficient
lighting and appliances, or to those who can reduce
consumption by a certain percentage over their last year’s
usage.
Environment
• Most Important concerns for
SIDS;
• Climate change;
a.
b.
Hurricanes
Abnormal precipitations
• Sea level rise;
a.
Storm surges
• Human Impacts
a. Sand mining
Coastal Erosion in Petite
Martinique
• Significant land loss due to sea
level rise
• Loss of the only recreation
ground on the island Petite
Martinique
Monitoring Beach Changes
• List of beaches with
progression and
regression
measures.
Proposed Monitoring Project
• Beach Monitoring project;
Site
• Using the SAND-WATCH
Model
Carriacou
Harvey Vale –Tyrell Bay
Paradise
Lauriston
Hillsborough
Bogles
Anse la Roche
Length
(Km)
Sand Type
Development
along beach
Sand
Color
1.63
1.50
0.88
2.0
0.37
0.75
Fine
Fine
Medium
Fine
Coarse
Fine
30%
~ 5%
0
~ 70%
0
0
Petit Carenage-Lillette 0.95
beach and mangrooves
Windward/ Watering Bay 1.70
Watering Bay/Clean
.05
Beach
Tibeau
0.5
Mt. Pleasant
0.6
Sabazan -Dumfries
0.6
Casada Bay 0.4
Petite Martinique
Sanchez
0.43
Medium
White
White
White
white
Whitegrey
White
fine
fine
Black
white
~ 15%
coarse
fine
fine
fine
white
grey
white
Grey
0
0
0
10%
Medium
Brown
~ 80%
0
0
Challenges of Monitoring
• Lack of baseline data on sea level rise and
climate change for Carriacou and Petite
Martinique.
• Limited capacity of persons to address
climate change issues and developments
Eco Tourism
Ecotourism is about uniting conservation, communities,
and sustainable travel. This means that those who
implement and participate in ecotourism activities should
follow the following ecotourism principles:
• Minimize impact.
• Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect.
• Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts.
• Provide direct financial benefits for conservation.
• Provide financial benefits and empowerment for local
people.
• Raise sensitivity to host countries' political,
environmental, and social climate.
Caribbean Travel + Life says…
• ”…the population of 5,000
residents, whose leisurely
pace and peaceful attitude
immediately encourage
visitors to unwind.”
• “… the breezy side of the isle,
where snorkeling on pristine
reefs, fishing expeditions and
boat trips are a part of
everyday life.”
We Have Potential…
• Sea Turtle watching and
rescue
• Bird Watching
• Coral Reef Restoration
• Mangrove Kayaking
• Marine mammal observation
(Whales and dolphins)
• Hiking, camping and nature
tours
We Have Potential…
• To develop naturally beautiful
botanical gardens, parks and
nature trails
– Sites ideal for educational
tourism.
– Belair, Hillsborough, Madame
Pierre are potential sites.
• To restore historical sites; Belair
Great House, Camp Carriacou (Cassada
Bay) – marine biology research facility
from the 1970s.
Agriculture
• Agriculture was practiced as a traditional
plantation type system focusing on exports of
crops like sugarcane, lime, cotton and coconuts.
• Markets for these crops dissolved in the 1960’s to
1970’s giving rise to new land use approaches.
• Emergence of land fragmentation as the demand
for subsistence farming bred the new practice of
an integrated farming production system of
rearing both livestock and vegetable crops, and
also including corn, peas and cassava.
Traditional farming practices
Crop & Livestock Production
CROPS:
 Integrated subsistence farming is practiced,
cultivating mainly vegetable crops. ( more than
50% consumed locally)
 Cultivation is practiced seasonally in conjunction
with the rainy season
LIVESTOCK:
 Main production is focused on small ruminants
and pigs
 Introduction of new and improved breeds of
small ruminants. ( Boer, doper, Anglo Nubian,
large white, Duroc, Landrace and Saanen)
Fisheries
 Increase in investment especially in long line fishing, due to steady and
viable markets.
 Improved use of technology in fishing techniques and support systems by
fishermen and fisheries Division.
 Improved legislative framework to enable sustainable use. (MPA’s)
 Indications of fish stock depletion and marine ecosystems.
 Capacity building for fisheries extension and fishermen.
Opportunities
Research & Development:
Develop improved technologies in agricultural inputs, farming techniques, drip
irrigation, organic systems, fishing and livestock breeds that adaptive resilience
to impacts resulting from climate change .
Market Development:
 Develop new market opportunities for Green sustainable consumption and
production, by adapting sustainable economic production techniques
Build capacity :
 Develop human resource knowledge and awareness towards sustainable
production and opportunities for employment creation in an emerging green
job economies.
Available financing:
Promotion and implement Green economic funding scheme through partners
International and regional institutions.
Green Jobs
• Using Green Jobs estimator which uses local
and regional data on electricity production
and jobs creation to estimate one of the
potential co-benefits of EE and RE.
Green Jobs Estimation
OUTPUT - New Jobs vs BAU in:
Direct jobs
Indirect jobs
Induced jobs
Total jobs
Cumulative Job Years
2016
131
251
162
544
2,178
2025
290
554
351
1,195
10,397
Job Estimator Outputs in Model Scenario (60% Fossil Fuel Reduction by
2025 with Accelerated PV, Wind and MSW Deployment by 2016)
Challenges
• 1. Limited educational disciplines of study for areas of student at
the tertiary level.
• 2. Limited training and access to technical and vocational areas.
• 3. Limited awareness on sustainable use of our diverse resource in
the area of marine life to support and inform practices.
• 4.Lack of training opportunities in the management of the
environment as it relates to green and blue economies.
Transport
• In the development framework for Carriacou and
Petite Martinique; transportation is highlighted as
being strategic and essential in the new economy.
• The aim of green transport is to provide a land and
sea transport system that is developed with the
islanders firmly in mind, it is planned for their needs
and to function in an environmentally sustainable
manner.
Inter Island Transport
There are two forms of inter-island transport generally
used for this purpose which is :
1. Ferry
2. Air
Both forms are highly expensive for travel to Carriacou
and Petite Martinique when compared to other parts of
Grenada and the OECS.
Cost Comparisons
Potential for electric or hybrids
Electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric
vehicles (PHEV) could have a large impact on
transitioning Carriacou and Petite Martinique
to a green economy.
Attention can be given in putting into use on
the islands,
1. Electric cars.
2. Winds and solar operated ferries.
Challenges
•
Reversing the recent trend in greater reliance on
fossil fuel.
•
Meeting the needs of the changing demographics
to better address the needs of people with
special mobility needs and wheelchair users.
•
Developing a sustainable financing framework for
this sustainable transport system.
Education
• There are six pre-schools, six primary schools, two
secondary schools and one post secondary college
on the islands of Carriacou & Petite Martinique
• The current school population is 1202 (624 primary
students and 577 secondary) and many of the
schools are under-populated.
• Education offerings are generally highly theoretical
and the availability of vocational training and nontraditional courses are limited.
Potential for Education
• At the post-secondary level - T.A. Marryshow Community
College - the subjects available are limited to business, social
sciences and Information & Communication Technology (ICT).
• Potential for the future: Technical Training in Marine based
and Infrastructure development; Environmental
Management, Sustainable Development Management , etc.
• There is however, potential for
physical expansion at the T.A.
Marryshow Community College
to provide more enrollments of
students and to restructure
the curriculum.
Potentials specific to Greening
• Training in reading music sheets and writing music to
our young children that is unique to our culture.
• Very good opportunity of educational exchange
programmes to help in the training, sustenance and
development of niche areas through scientific
research projects.
• Training in environmental management in relation to
areas surrounding the green and blue economies.
Water Resources
• Water is life and water management is one of the
most pressing challenges facing society today.
• Development issues, such as health, food
security, and poverty which are interwoven with
a green economy are fundamentally hinged to
water
• An integrated approach to managing the water
resources of Carriacou and Petite Martinique is
an important pillar to the development of a green
economy for these islands.
Water resources in a Green Economy
UN-Water statement for Rio +20
• Success of green economy depends on sustainable management of
water resources and on safe and sustainable provisioning of water
supply and adequate sanitation services.
• The integrated approach to water resources management, as
defined in Agenda 21, remains relevant and must be central in
strategies towards a green economy
• Effective management of water variability, ecosystem changes and
the resulting impacts on livelihoods in a changing climate scenario
are central to a climate-resilient green economy.
• Universal coverage of water supply and sanitation services must be
a central development goal in the post-2015 period
• Green economies can only be achieved if they are supported by
green societies and ideologies.
Water and Agriculture
• A green economy requires the efficient use of
natural resources for the achievement of food
security.
• Small holding farmers are essential in the
transition towards a green economy as they can
contribute to economic growth, poverty
reduction and food security
• Rain Water Harvesting, vegetable production was
initiated, through the use of 3600 litres and 4500
litres PVC tanks
Wastewater
management
• Main form of wastewater
treatment - septic tanks and pit
latrines
• Maintenance of these units is
generally poor
• Could be a threat to the limited
groundwater, ponds and the
wetlands
• Opportunity for small scale wetland
infiltration systems
Integrated Water Resources
Management (IWRM)
• Given the water challenges
there is need to use IWRM
Source
• Communities have always
managed the limited water
resources
Boreholes
45,000
Domestic
cisterns
210,000
Dug Wells
13,000
Miro-dams
30,000
Communal
cistern
15300
• Future demands 470,000 m3
per year (excluding any
major tourism and
agriculture demands).
•
66% of demand can come
from Rain Water Harvesting
Total
Potential
Quantity
(Annual) (m3)
313,300
Some considerations
• Increasing water supply by expanding RWH
domestic storage capacity;
• Promoting the use of water saving devices;
• Water augmentation from desalination
sources and by optimizing the limited
groundwater resource; and
• Watershed management to reduce pollution
of Rain Water Harvesting, ponds and dams.
Projects opportunities
Project 1: Carriacou and Petite Martinique domestic water quality improvement
Aim: To promote the use of solar disinfection systems for drinking water
Target: Schools, business places and households
Description: Government, through external funding, can use government buildings
(schools, public office buildings, and medical clinics) for a pilot project in installing
basic first flush systems on RWH systems plus SODIS equipment in order to
improve the safety of drinking water. In addition Government would use incentives
in the form of duty concessions on material for the construction of first flush
systems for households. These would be assembled locally by local craftsmen. For
SODIS equipment and equipment of that type there would be tax concessions on
the import of these units.
Project 2: Improvement in household water delivery system
Aim: To promote the use of solar powered pumps of households
Targets: Households with internal plumbing
Description: Most houses that have indoor plumbing use electric pumps to pump
water from the main cistern to an overhead tank or directly to the facets. These
pumps cost up to $400.00 on the local market. Their dependence on electricity
makes them vulnerable to power outages. Use of a solar powered pump would
eliminate the use of electricity.
Project 3: Water use efficiency improvement
Aim: To promote the use of water saving devices.
Target: Public buildings, selected households.
Description: This project can be undertaken by MOCPMA with external
funding. It would involve the installation of water saving facets and other such
devices to public institutions (schools, hospital, community centers, medical
clinics, police station and administrative buildings. It would also distribute similar
devices to selected households at subsidized prices or at least duty-free prices.
Community labor by local plumbers would provide their services free. As
compensation to these plumbers, they can receive free of costs the devices for
their homes.
Project 4: Desalination plant for Petite Martinique
Aim: To use renewable energy (Wind) to provide a reliable water supply to the
residents of Petite Martinique
Target: All residents
Description: A reverse osmosis plant powered by wind energy or solar energy
or in a combination would be installed. Consideration would be given to
developing a distribution network for the minimum of Hillsborough and the
environs. This would provide water to augment the current RWH supply.
Project 5: BelAir park (colonial house / Fete site)
Aim: To restore the park as a cultural events center
Target: Local businesses, activities, shows
Description: The BelAir park is a cultural heritage site where activities can be
held which will attract tourists from around the world as well as locals as a
cultural and educational exchange experience.
Project 6: Green Area
Aim: To restore the park as a recreational and educational playground and
family park
Target: Secondary school, family and students
Description: The botanical garden in Carriacou can be restored to be an ecoactivity park.
Project 7: Botanical Garden
Aim: To restore Madame Pierre (affected by hillside erosion)
Target: Botanists, indigenous plant species
Description: The Madame Pierre site can become a botanical garden which
will attract tourists interested in botany and locals interested in preserving their
local plant species.
Carriacou Magnificent Sunset