Transcript Cambodia

Kingdom of Cambodia
Ministry of Environment
Cambodia’s Initial National
Communication to the UNFCCC
Prepared for the Eighth Conference of the Parties
(CoP-8)
Presented by Mr. Ung Seng,
Director of the Minister’s Cabinet
Ministry of Environment
STRUCTURE OF THE PRESENTATION
1. Introduction
2. National Circumstances
3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994
4. Greenhouse Gas Projection
5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation
6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
7. Government Plans, Policies and Measures
8. Research and Systematic Observation
9. Education, Training and Public Participation
10. Financial Resources, Technology Transfer and Capacity
Building
11. Problem/Constrains
1. Introduction
 Cambodia ratified the UNFCCC on 18 December 1995. The
UNFCCC entered into force on 17 March 1996
 The National Communication was prepared with support from
the UNDP/GEF-sponsored Cambodia's Climate Change Enabling
Activity Project (CCEAP) in collaboration with other concerned
agencies
 UNDP/GEF’s financial supports for preparation of National
Communication was US$325,480
 Ministry of Environment is the National Focal Point of the
UNFCCC and the implementing agency of the CCEAP
1. Introduction (cont.)
 The three-year CCEAP project started in January 1999 with the
objective of assisting Cambodia in preparing its First National
Communication in response to the UNFCCC
 Preparation of the Initial National Communication is the first step taken
by the government in the actual implementation of the UNFCCC in
Cambodia
 The Initial National Communication of Cambodia consists of the
following chapters: (1) National’s Circumstances; (2) GHG inventory
for 1994; (3) GHG projection and Mitigation analysis; (4) Vulnerability
and Adaptation Assessment; (5) Government Plans, Policy and
Measures; (6) Research and Systematic Observation; (7) Education,
Training and Public Participation; and (8) Financial Resources,
Technology Transfer and Capacity Building.
2. National Circumstances
 Geography: located in Southeast Asia between latitudes 100
and 150 N and longitudes 1020 and 1080 E, total area of
181,035 km2.
 Climate: governed by monsoon and characterized by two
major seasons: rainy and dry season. The annual average
temperature is 28oC, with a maximum average of 38oC in
April, and a minimum average of 17oC in January.
 Population: 8.60 million in 1990; 9.87 million in 1994; and
11.44 million in 1998. The annual growth rate for 1998 is
2.49%. The urban population contributed 15.7% of the total
population of Cambodia. In 1998, 36% of the population lived
below the poverty line.
 Human Health: the direct impact of the climate on human
health is significant. Malaria and dengue fever are the two
most important mosquito-borne diseases, which are found in
Cambodia.
2. National Circumstances (cont.)
 Political and Decision-Making Structure: A constitutional
monarchy (the King is the Head of State who reigns but does
not govern). The country has a democratic multi-party system.
The Prime Minister is the head of the government.
 Natural Resources: Cambodia’s natural resource wealth lies in
the rivers and lakes, the terrestrial and inundated forests, the
inland and coastal fisheries, pockets of volcanic soils and
gemstones (the sapphire-ruby-zircon gems of Pailin).
 Water Resources: Cambodia is rich in water resources: the
Mekong River and the Tonle Sap system. The Mekong is the
twelfth longest river in the world. The central part of Cambodia is
occupied by the Tonle Sap lake which is an overflow system of
the Mekong River.
2. National Circumstances (cont.)
 Forests: Dryland and edaphic forests. Dryland forests consist
of evergreen, coniferous, deciduous, mixed, and secondary
forests, whereas edaphic forests include flooded forest,
flooded secondary and mangrove. In 1998, total area of
forests was about 58% of total country’s land area. The total
protected area is 18% of the country’s area.
 Biodiversity: 130 species of mammals, more than 600
species of birds, more than 2,300 vascular plants and an
unknown number of reptiles and amphibians.
 Agriculture: provides direct employment to approximately
80% of the labor force. Agricultural land is 4,079,464 ha in
1994. Rice is the staple food.
2. National Circumstances (cont.)
 Energy. Cambodia uses relatively little commercial energy per
person: 44 kg of oil equivalent per capita for 1994. The
country imports 100% of the required petroleum products from
countries in the region (about 415.67 kilotonnes in 1994).
Woodfuel and other biomass are the major energy sources for
cooking for Cambodian people, especially in rural areas (over
85% of the total national energy supply in 1994).
2. National Circumstances for 1994 (cont.)
Table 1: General information on National Circumstances
Criteria
2
Area (km )
Population (million)
·
Urban population
Population in absolute poverty (%)
Life expectancy (years)
Literacy rate (%)
Estimate share of informal sector in GDP
Share of industry in GDP (%)
Share of services in GDP (%)
Share of agriculture in GDP (%)
Land area under agricultural purposes (ha)
Livestock:
1. Non-dairy cattle "cow" (head)
2. Buffalo (head)
3. Horses (head)
4. Swine (head)
5. Poultry (head)
Forest area (ha)
1994
181,035
9.87
15 % (1,524,000)
39
M. 52, F. 54
68.7
7.3 %
18.3
36.5
45.2
4,079,500
2,621,900
814,200
21,000
2,002,300
10,094,400
10,804,300 (60 % of the
total country's land area)
3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994
 Base year for the inventory is 1994
 The preparation of the inventory is based on the Revised
1996 IPCC Guidelines
 Activity data: some are available from government
ministries
 Emission factors: default data from the IPCC Guidelines
were mainly used. No local emission factors exist
 The inventory covers three main greenhouse gases
(GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous
oxide (N2O)
 The GHG emission and removal were estimated for 5
major sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes, Agriculture,
Waste, and LUCF.
3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994 (cont.)
Table 2: Summary of 1994 Cambodia’s GHG emission
and uptake (Gg)
Sectors and Sinks
Emission
CO2 uptake
CO2
ENERGY
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
1,272.08
CH4
24.13
N2O
0.33
49.85
AGRICULTURE
WASTE
339.25
11.08
6.77
0.42
LAND USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
64,850.23 45,214.27
74.77
0.51
TOTAL NAT'L GHG EMISSIONS/UPTAKE
64,850.23 46,536.20
444.92
12.35
NOx
CO
16.69 456.56
0.01
0.03
2.7
95.76
18.58
654.2
37.98 1,206.55
3. National Greenhouse Gas Inventory for 1994 (cont.)
Figure 1: (a) Share of the Three Main GHGs; (b) Total CO2
Equivalent Emissions by Sectors
Energy
3%
N2O
8%
CH4
18%
Industry
0%
Agriculture
18%
Waste
0%
CO2
74%
(a)
LUCF
79%
(b)
4. Greenhouse Gas Emission Projection
 The projection of GHG emissions was done for the energy,
agriculture, wastes and LUCF. The industrial process was not
taken into account for the projection due to unavailability of data.
 The projection indicated that in 2000 Cambodia was already a
net emitter of GHGs with approximately 6,244 Gg of CO2-eqv.
of GHG emissions.
 In 2020, the net emissions would increase to approximately
43,848 Gg of CO2-eqv.
 LUCF would remain the main source of emissions (63.0%),
followed by agriculture (27.5%) and energy (9.0%).
5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation
 Reduction of GHG is not mandatory for Cambodia. However,
many government activities and measures have already
contributed to the global efforts to limit GHG emissions and
develop GHG sinks (eg., forest protection and reforestation).
 Three main sectors were taken into account for analysis: (1)
Energy and transport, (2) LUCF, and (3) Agriculture
 Some options were evaluated and identified:
Energy and transport sector:
Combined cycle gas turbine
Hydropower
Phnom Penh city shuttles
Improve cook stove
Compact fluorescent
Mass transit for rural areas
5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation
(cont.)
Forestry sector:
Five mitigation options were evaluated under each scenario
using COMAP (Comprehensive Mitigation Analysis Process
model):
 forest protection (FP);
 reforestation with short rotation (RSR);
 reforestation with long rotation (RLR);
 reforestation without rotation using fast (RFG); and
 slow growing species.
5. Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation
(cont.)
 Agriculture sector: The mitigation options evaluated for the
agriculture sector only covered rice paddies:
intermittent irrigation applied to dry season rice;
direct seeded applied in both dry and wet seasons;
organic matter management applied for both seasons; and
zero tillage applied in both seasons.
6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
 The assessment was conducted for four sectors: (1) agriculture
(rice production), (2) forestry, (3) human health, and (4) coastal
zone.
 Proposed adaptation measures
Agriculture:
 Improvement of genetic or development of new high yielding
varieties
 Improvement of crop management and cultural practices
 Development of capacity to adapt to current extreme climate
such as development of early warning system
 Development of irrigation facilities
 Diversification of food crops.
6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment (cont.)
 Proposed adaptation measures
Forestry:
 Forest plantation establishment
 Conservation of protected area
 Establishment of appropriate legal framework, policies, and
procedures for planning, management, monitoring, enforcement, and
community participation in protected areas
 Improvement of forest resource management.
Human health (malaria):
 Control measures with focus on the reduction of malaria mortality
and morbidity through early diagnosis and treatment of the disease
 Programs for health education with focus on the most critical causes
of disease: watercourses and containers where mosquitoes breed and
personal habits
 Improvement of general education to diminish malaria incidents.
6. Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment
(cont.)
 Proposed adaptation measures
Coastal zone:
 Develop a strategic response measures to sea level rise for
the coastal areas
 Investigate further potential impacts of sea level rise on
biogeophysical, socio-economy, marine resources,
freshwater, infrastructure, human settlements, and
agricultural production
 Formulate a comprehensive adjustment and mitigation
policy for sea level rise in the context of integrated coastal
zone management
 Develop computer-based information systems covering
the results of surveys, assessments and observations to
minimize the impact of sea level rise
 Increase public awareness on the effect of sea level rise on
Cambodia’s coast.
7. Government Plans, Policies and Measures
 Legal and Policy Frameworks
 Institutional Framework
 Programmes/Plans Related to Sustainable
Development
 International Conventions
 World Heritage Sites
 Climate Change Policy.
8. Research and Systematic Observation
 Data Collection and Monitoring:
- Meteorology and Hydrology
- Land Use Change and Forest Cover Data
- Agricultural Data
- Census Data.
 Research
- Climate Research
- Donor Support to Environment and Natural
Resource Research
- NGO Support to Research in the Environment Sector.
9. Education, Training and Public Participation
 Education and training specifically relating to climate
change is still limited
 General courses relating to climate change, air pollution
& climate change issues, global warming, ozone layer
depletion, and acid ozone layer depletion, and acid rf
universities
 So far, there have been no researches on climate change
related issues in Cambodia beside CCEAP
 MoE, a number of NGOs and local media have been
organizing various programmes to promote better
understanding among the general public and policy
makers about environment which also includes climate
change
10. Financial Resources, Technology Transfer
and Capacity Building
 Financial Resources
 Donor Support to Climate Change Activities
 Technology Transfer:
- Domestic barries to technology transfer;
- External barries to technology transfer;
 Capacity Building.
11. Problem/constrains
 Preparation of the First National Communication is
the first-ever climate change-related project in
Cambodia, no previous experiences
 Relatively low technical capacity of local staff
 Lack of local data/information and local emission
factors for GHG inventory
 Language barrier
 Limited budget
 Lack of relevant experts available in the country
 Research activities related to climate change are very
limited.