Transcript kottakanth15_ppt_ch24

Anthropology
Appreciating Human Diversity
Fifteenth Edition
Conrad Phillip Kottak
University of Michigan
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ANTHROPOLOGY’S
ROLE IN A
GLOBALIZING WORLD
24-2
ANTHROPOLOGY’S ROLE IN A
GLOBALIZING WORLD
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Globalization
Global Climate Change
Environmental Anthropology
Interethnic Contact
Making and Remaking Culture
People in Motion
Indigenous Peoples
The Continuance of Diversity
24-3
ANTHROPOLOGY’S ROLE IN A
GLOBALIZING WORLD
• What is global climate change, and how can
anthropologists study it along with other
environmental threats?
• What is cultural imperialism, and what forces
work to favor and oppose it?
• What are indigenous peoples, and how and
why has their importance increased in recent
years?
24-4
GLOBALIZATION
• Globalization as fact: spread and
connectedness of production, distribution,
consumption, communication, and
technologies across the world
• Globalization as contested ideology and
policy
24-5
THE GLOBALIZATION OF RISK
• Globalization is the globalization of risk
• Concern about risks often more developed in
groups that are less endangered objectively
• Risks no longer are just local or regional
24-6
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
• Scientific measurements confirm global
warming not due to increased solar radiation
• Most scientists agree that human activities play a
major role
• Anthropogenic: caused by humans and their
activities
• Greenhouse effect: warming from trapped
atmospheric gases
24-7
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
• Climate change: beyond rising temperatures,
there are changes in sea levels, rainfall
patterns, storms, and ecosystem effects
• Arctic landscapes and ecosystems are changing
rapidly and perceptibly
• Coastal communities anticipate increased
flooding and severe storms
• Growing global demand for energy is single
greatest obstacle to slowing climate change
24-8
GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE
• Worldwide energy use
• The United States uses about 80% of all energy
derived from fossil fuels
• Alternatives include:
• Nuclear power
• Renewable energy technologies such as solar,
wind, and biomass generators
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Figure 24.1: Global Temperature Change
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Figure 24.2: Projected Emissions of Greenhouse Gases,
2025
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RECAP 24.1: What Heats, and Cools, the Earth?
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ENVIRONMENTAL
ANTHROPOLOGY
• Ecological anthropology: study of cultural
adaptations to environments
• Ethnoecology: society’s set of environmental
practices and perceptions
• Indigenous ethnoecologies are being increasingly
challenged by migration, media, and commerce
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GLOBAL ASSAULTS ON LOCAL
AUTONOMY
• A clash of cultures may occur when
development threatens indigenous peoples
and their environments
• Spread of environmentalism may expose
different notions about the “rights” and
value of plants and animals versus humans
• Effective conservation strategies pay
attention to needs and wishes of local people
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DEFORESTATION
• Forest loss can increase greenhouse gas
production and loss of global biodiversity
• Deforestation often demographically driven
• Commercial logging, road building, cash
cropping, and clearing and burning
associated with livestock and grazing are
other causes
• Reasons to change behavior must make
sense to local people
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INTERETHNIC CONTACT
• Since at least 1920, anthropologists
investigated changes that arise from contacts
between industrial and nonindustrial societies
• Acculturation: changes in cultural patterns of
either or both groups
• Westernization: accumulative influence of
Western expansion on indigenous peoples and
their cultures
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INTERETHNIC CONTACT
• Different degrees of destruction, domination,
resistance, survival, adaptation, and
modification of native cultures may follow
interethnic contact
• Bodley: “shock phase” often follows an initial
encounter
• Outsiders often attempt to remake native
landscapes and cultures in their own image
• May include civil repression
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CULTURAL IMPERIALISM
• Cultural imperialism: spread or advance
of one culture at the expense of others
• Some see modern technology as erasing cultural
differences
• Others see modern technology as providing an
opportunity for social groups (local cultures) to
express themselves
• Brazil: local practices, celebrations, and
performances changed in context of outside forces
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MAKING AND REMAKING
CULTURE
• People constantly make and remake culture
in context of globalization
• Assign their own meanings to information,
images, products
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INDIGENIZING POPULAR
CULTURE
• When forces from world centers enter new
societies, the societies become indigenized:
modified to fit the local culture
• Native Australians saw Rambo as a
representative of the Third World battling a
white officer class
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A GLOBAL SYSTEM OF IMAGES
• The mass media present a rich,
ever-changing store of possible lives
• Culturally alien programming won’t do very well if
a quality local choice is available
• The mass media play a role in maintaining
people’s ethnic and national identities among
people who lead transnational lives
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A GLOBAL CULTURE OF
CONSUMPTION
• Finance is key transnational force
• Multinational corporations and other business
interests look beyond national boundaries
• U.S. economy increasingly influenced by foreign
investment from Britain, Canada, Germany, the
Netherlands, and Japan
• American economy also increased its
dependence on foreign labor through immigration
and export of jobs
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PEOPLE IN MOTION
• Appadurai: views today’s world as “translocal”
“interactive system” that is “strikingly new”
• Scale of human movement expanded dramatically
• Most migrants maintain ties with native land
• Diaspora: offspring of an area who have spread
to many lands
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PEOPLE IN MOTION
• Postmodernity: describes our time and
situation, with today’s world in flux
• Postmodern: period of a blurring and breakdown
of established canons, categories, distinctions,
and boundaries
• Postmodernism: style and movement in
architecture that succeeded modernism
beginning in the 1970s
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PEOPLE IN MOTION
• Postmodernity describes world in which
traditional standards, contrasts, groups,
boundaries, and identities are opening up,
reaching out, and breaking down
• New kinds of political
and ethnic units
emerged along
with globalization
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
• United Nations Working Group on Indigenous
Populations (WGIP) formed in 1982
• Social movements adopted the term indigenous
people as a self-identifying, political label
• Legitimizing search for social, cultural, and
political rights
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
• Social scientists and politicians in
Latin America prefer indigena over indio
when referring to native inhabitants
• The emphasis has
shifted from
biological and
cultural assimilation
—mestizaje—
to identities that
value differences
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
• To establish self-determination, Latin
America’s indigenous peoples emphasize the
following:
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Cultural distinctiveness
Political reforms involving restructuring the state
Territorial rights and access to natural resources
Reforms of military and police powers
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INDIGENOUS PEOPLES
• Ceuppens and Geschiere:
explore the upsurge of
autochthony (being native
to a place) with an implicit
call for excluding strangers
in different areas
• Autochthony claimed by
majority groups in Europe
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IDENTITY IN INDIGENOUS
POLITICS
• Essentialism: process of viewing identity
as established, real, and frozen
• Identity is fluid and multiple
• Identities are seen as:
• Potentially plural
• Emerging through a specific process
• Ways of being someone in particular times and
places
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THE CONTINUANCE OF
DIVERSITY
• Anthropology has crucial role in promoting
more humanistic vision of social change
• Respects value of cultural diversity
• Existence of anthropology contributes to the
continuing need to understand social and cultural
similarities and differences
• Work to keep anthropology, the study of
humankind, the most humanistic of all the
sciences
24-31