Transcript METR215-lec1-introduction - Department of Meteorology and

METR 215 Advanced Physical MeteorologyLecture 1: Green-sheet and Introduction
Professor Menglin Susan Jin
San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology and Climate Science
www.met.sjsu.edu/~jin
Outline of today’s lecture
1. Introduction and Welcome
2. Discussion on the “greensheet”
3. Learning Contract
4. First glance on class roadmap
5. Survey
New Class Schedule
For greensheet, class ppt notes, homework, reading materials
http://www.met.sjsu.edu/~jin/METR215.htm
About Professor
1.
www.met.sjsu.edu/~jin
Research projects: funded by NASA, NSF, Department of Defens
On land surface climate change, urbanization, remote sensing
20 leading author papers on top journals
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3.
to be an effective teacher
Goal of METR215
METR215 discusses the fundamentals of
Thermodynamics
Cloud microphysics
Aerosol-cloud interaction
Atmospheric Electricity
Observations
Important papers
Content (see greensheet schedule)
Part 1: Thermodynamics
1. The Gas Laws
2. The Hydrostatic Equation
3. The First Law of Thermodynamics
4. Adiabatic Processes
5. Water Vapor in Air
6. Static Stability
7. The Second Law of Thermodynamics
Part 2: CLOUD Macrophysics and Microphysics
Cloud Modeling
Part 3: Atmospheric Aerosols
Part 4. Lightning and Atmospheric Electricity
Book and Reading:
•1988 A Short Course in Cloud Physics by Rogers and Yau (Required)
•2006 Wallace and Hobbs Atmospheric Science (Recommended)
• more materials will be assigned on webpage/homework/class
Lecture Hour:
METR215
TTh 10:30 AM - 11:45 AM (to be changed!)
Place:
DH615
Office Hour: 10:30 PM‐11:30 PM, Wednesday
12:00-13:00 Tuesday
Place: MSJ’s Office (DH621)
•I will meet with you for extra office hour whenever you need.
•send email for appointment.
Homework: 20%
Midterm Exam 1: 15%
Midterm Exam 2: 15%
Class Participation 5%
Research Project: 20%
Final Exam: 25%
Scale: 90+ A, 80’s B, 70’s C, 60’s D, <60 F
Homework will be assigned on Tuesdays in class
collected in discussions on two weeks later.
Learning Contract
• Instructor
– On time and prepared.
– Answers questions.
– Approachable and friendly.
– Fair with assignments and grades.
– Genuinely concerned about your learning and
intellectual development.
Learning Contract
•
Students
– Make every effort to arrive on time; and if late, enter class
quietly.
– Preserve a good classroom learning environment by
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a) refraining from talking when other people are
talking
b) turning off cell phones.
Be courteous to other students and the instructor.
Aware that learning is primarily their responsibility.
Aware of universities policy on academic integrity and
pledge to abide by them at all times.
Have read and understand what plagiarism is and know
how to cite sources properly.
Academic Integrity
• Integrity of university, its courses and
degrees relies on academic standards.
• Cheating:
– Copying from another’s test, cheatsheet etc.
– Sitting an exam by, or as, a surrogate.
– Submitting work for another
• Plagiarism:
– Representing the work of another as one’s own
(without giving appropriate credit)
Plagiarism
• Judicial Affairs
http://sa.sjsu.edu/judicial_affairs/index.html
• Look at the Student Code of Conduct
• Read through SJSU library site on
Plagiarism
http://www.sjlibrary.org/services/literacy/info_comp/plagiarism
.htm
GreenSheet (see handout)
• Homework turn-in on time, will be stated in the
homework, in general, 1 week after the
assignment
• Class Participation
• Research Project
• Final grade
Let’s see where this class stands in the big picture…
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One World
Atmosphere Composition and Structure
Table 1: Composition of the Atmosphere
Gas
Percentage
by Volume
Nitrogen
78.08
Oxygen
20.95
Argon
0.93
Trace Gases
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Ozone
Chlorofluorocarbons
Water vapor
0.038
0.00017
0.000004
0.00000002
Highly variable
(0-4%)
Vertical Layers of the Lower Atmosphere
Pressure in the Atmosphere
•Atmospheric pressure can be imagined as
the weight of the overlying column of air.
•pressure decreases exponentially
with altitude.
•but 80 percent of the atmosphere’s
mass is contained within the 18 km
closest to the surface.
•measured in millibars (mb)
•At sea level, pressure ranges from
about 960 to 1,050 mb, with an average of 1,013 mb.
Observed temperature changes
Warming
due to El Niño
Cooling
due to La Niño
1992-93
Cooling due to
Mt. Pinatubo
Although both nitrogen and oxygen are essential to human life on the planet,
they have little effect on weather and other atmospheric processes.
The variable components, which make up far less than 1 percent of the
atmosphere, have a much greater influence on both short-term weather and
long-term climate. For example, variations in water vapor in the atmosphere are
familiar to us as relative humidity.
Water vapor, CO2, CH4, N2O, and SO2 all have an important property:
they absorb heat emitted by the earth and thus warm the atmosphere,
creating what we call the "greenhouse effect." Without these so-called
greenhouse gases, the surface of the earth would be about 30 degrees
Celsius cooler - too cold for life to exist as we know it.
Global warming, on the other hand, is a separate process that can be caused by
increased amounts of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Earth’s Hydrological Cycle - Schematic
1.
Evaporation, transpiration
(plants)
2.
Atmospheric transport
(vapor)
3.
Condensation (liquid water,
ice)
4.
Precipitation
5.
Surface transport
(continental rivers, aquifers
and ocean currents)
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
Clouds - The “Wet” Aerosol
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A cloud definition: visible suspension of water and/or ice particles in the
atmosphere.
– Key word is visible, but not quantitative. Example, “sub-visual cirrus”
(observed through non-visible, non-passive sensors/imagers or
lidars).
•
Cloud physics: branch of physical meteorology, study of cloud formation
(macrophysical & microphysical), lifecycles, precipitation, radiation, etc.
– Macrophysical: larger scale spatial information, total/column water
amounts, etc.
– Microphysical: thermodynamic phase, size distribution, ice particle
shape (habit), water content, etc.
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
Why Clouds?
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Weather
– Dynamics: Latent heat and/or radiative effects impacting atmospheric
stability/instability, atmospheric heating/cooling
– Radiation (e.g., surface heating)
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Chemical processes
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Climate
– General circulation
– Hydrological cycle
– Radiation budget
 Clouds are a critical component of climate models (for reasons cited
above) and therefore also to climate change studies
• Not well-represented in climate models
• Climate change: cloud-climate feedback, cloud-aerosol
interactions (to be discussed), etc.
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
Earth’s Radiation Budget - Schematic
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
Cloud-aerosol interactions ex.: ship tracks (27 Jan. 2003, N. Atlantic)
MODIS (MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
Convective development
(mesoscale, local)
Synoptic development
Cold front - steep frontal slopes
Warm front - shallow frontal slopes
PHYS 622 - Clouds, spring ‘04, lect. 1, Platnick
Review of Basic Concepts –see
handout
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System
Surroundings
Open system
Close system
Property of System
State of System
Extensive property
Intensive property
Homogeneous system
Heterogeneous system
Equilibrium