Transcript MW Weather_Herms_25Jul08

Biological Calendars:
Phenology and Growing Degree-Days for
Monitoring Pest Management in Ohio
Dan Herms
Department of Entomology
The Ohio State University
Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center
Wooster
[email protected]
High biodiversity in
landscapes and
nurseries creates
IPM challenges
Development rates of
plants and insects are
temperature dependent.
Limitations of Degree-Day Models:
• Insect response to temperature is not linear.
• Lower temperature threshold known for very
few species.
• Measured temperatures not the same as those
experienced by the pest.
• Degree-days are cumbersome to track.
• Multiple, optimized models not practical for large
pest complexes.
Because both plant and insect development is
temperature-dependent, phenological events of
plants can also be used to track degree-days…
and predict pest development.
Hypothesis: the flowering sequence of
ornamental plants can be used as a
biological calendar to predict pest activity
and schedule pest management
appointments.
The hypothesis was tested in Secrest Arboretum by
monitoring over the past 7 years:
1. The phenology of 45 key arthropod pests of
ornamental plants (e.g. egg hatch, adult emergence).
2. The flowering sequence of 75 taxa of woody
ornamental plants.
Secrest Arboretum, OARDC
Key Phenological Events
First bloom: date first flower on
the plant opens to reveal pistils
and / or stamens.
Full bloom: date 95% of flowers
have opened (e.g. 1 out of 20
buds remains closed).
The flowering sequence of plants can be used as a
biological calendar to track degree-days and
schedule pest management appointments.
S. Gage, Michigan State Univ.
D.G. Nielsen, Ohio State Univ.
Phenological Sequence for Secrest Arboretum
Species
Red Maple
Eastern Tent Caterpillar
Eastern Redbud
Gypsy Moth
Snowdrift Crabapple
Birch Leafminer
Common Lilac
Pine Needle Scale
Vanhoutte Spirea
Lilac Borer
Black Cherry
Euonymus Scale
Black Locust
Bronze Birch Borer
Mountain-laurel
Juniper Scale
Littleleaf Linden
Japanese Beetle
Event
first bloom
egg hatch
first bloom
egg hatch
first bloom
adult emergence
first bloom
egg hatch
first bloom
adult emergence
first bloom
egg hatch
first bloom
adult emergence
first bloom
egg hatch
first bloom
adult emergence
Degree-Days
45
92
197
203
214
231
238
301
309
336
376
463
503
519
565
579
878
966
Key premise: phenological sequence
remains constant from year-to-year.
How accurate is a
sequence that was
developed in another
region?
Generalized Degree-Day Model for
120 organisms:
Method:
Modified sine wave
Starting date: January 1
Base temp:
50°F
http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/gdd
Seven years of data reveals systematic
bias across years in the accuracy of the
generalized model.
However, the phenological sequence
remains highly constant from year-to-year.
Biological Calendar for Predicting Foxtail Emergence
Cardina et al. 2007. Weed Science 55:455-464
More accurate than optimized degree-day models,
calendar days, and WeedCast.
The OSU Phenology
Garden Network
Coordinators:
Denise Ellsworth
OSU Extension, Summit County
Dan Herms
Dept. of Entomology, OSU / OARDC
The concept: a state-wide network of identical gardens to
quantify geographic patterns of phenological and climatic
variation across Ohio.
Objective: create a standardized biological calendar
Research: document short-term phenological and
weather variation; long-term climate change.
Outreach: predict pest emergence / fine-tune
timing recommendations.
Science Literacy: increase public awareness /
involvement with “the world’s oldest science”.
Education: provide infrastructure for
experimentation and demonstration projects.
The Biological Calendar
Species
Star Magnolia
Forsythia
PJM Rhododendron
Koreanspice Viburnum
Coralburst Crabapple
Common Lilac
Vanhoutte Spirea
Redosier Dogwood
Miss Kim Lilac
Bush Cinquefoil
Red Prince Weigela
Arrowwood Viburnum
Bumald Spirea
Elderberry
Oakleaf Hydrangea
Rose-of-Sharon
First Bloom (DD50)
83
86
147
185
217
234
309
326
423
445
446
534
624
707
835
1347
www.phenology.osu.edu
www.phenology.osu.edu
Additional applications:
Butterfly garden and phenology (when do
monarchs return?)
Bird / wildflower / mushroom phenology (when
should I look for trilliums; hunt for morels?)
Weed phenology (forsythia and crabgrass?)
Frost-free dates (Vanhoutte Spirea?)
Planting dates (forsythia and radish; lilac and
beans?)
Plant propagation (when to take cuttings?)
Others?
Velocity of Phenological Wave:
16 km / day for Forsythia; 9 km / day for Lilac
Number of degree-days required for first bloom of
‘Miss Kim’ lilac decreased as latitude increased
The National Phenology Network
Coordinator:
Dr. Mark Schwartz
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee
The National Phenology Network
Coordinator:
Dr. Mark Schwartz
University of Wisconsin Milwaukee
www.uwm.edu/Dept/Geography/npn
National Phenology Network Mission
Facilitate collection and dissemination of
plant phenological data across the US
Support research on interactions between
plants and lower atmosphere, and longterm impacts of climate change.
NPN: Lilac Observations
Syringa chinensis 'Red Rothomagensis'
Lilac Phenological Observations:
1. First leaf
2. 95% leaf
3. First bloom
4. Full bloom
5. End bloom