Transcript Security

In a world of globalization and rapid social
change does religion provide the common values
and ethical foundations that diverse societies need
to thrive in the 21st century? Or, do deeply held
religious beliefs promote intolerance, exacerbate
ethnic divisions, and impede social progress in
developing and developed nations alike?
To encourage a far-ranging discussion on one of
human kind’s most vexing questions, the 6th
semi-annual Munk Debate will tackle the
resolution: be it resolved, religion is a force for
good in the world.
The MUNK Debates, FRIDAY, NOVEMBER 26, 2010
Toronto, Canada
http://www.munkdebates.com/debates/Religion
Last Friday, Canada formally signed
the United Nations Declaration on
the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
-non-binding declaration commits member states
to protect the rights and resources
of Indigenous peoples within the state
-The declaration, hammered out over 20 years of talks between
diplomats and representatives of aboriginal groups from around the
world, says Indigenous peoples have a number of rights – to their
lands, culture, and languages, among other things – and that
governments should work to protect these rights.
Final Portfolio Entry
…Reflections…
Why were you attracted to a course on
politics when you chose your courses?
How has this course shaped how and
what you think about politics?
Security
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Understand the nature of security and insecurity in
international relations
Understand enduring and emerging security dilemmas
such as international terrorism and humanitarian
intervention
Discuss methods to deal with conflict:

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mediation, diplomacy, and conflict resolution
Explain the particular challenge Canada faces in its
involvement in the war in Afghanistan.
Consider new geopolitical tensions.
Introduction
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Is the world naturally at peace, or at war?

We can’t ascertain whether humans are naturally
peaceful or warlike, but we can conclude that
conflict comes with politics

In fact, security is a fundamental concern for
states
Security and Insecurity

Security: freedom from danger or injury
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Insecurity: threat of danger or injury


Never fully assured for any state
Commonplace in international politics
Security issues different today

Once based primarily on geopolitics: relationship of
political relationships to the geographical location of
a state
Security Today

Geopolitics still important, but other newer issues like
human security, and environmental security (ES),
and food security also get attention

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Attention on the security of the person, rather than the
state (See Box 12.1)
"Sustainable
development is a compelling moral and humanitarian issue, but it is also a security
imperative. Poverty, environmental degradation and despair are destroyers of
people, of societies, of nations. This unholy trinity can destabilise countries,
even entire regions.“ Colin Powell, 1999

Threats can come from variety of sources, and
security needs to account for these

Military threats, but also political, economic, cultural,
social, human, environmental
ES began as an interdisciplinary study in the
1970s when researchers examined what happened
in the Sahel region of sub-Saharan Africa.
Early ES research efforts tried to understand the
interactions among g the climate, geography,
people, and the implications of these changes on
human security in the region; noticing the fall of
multiple governments during the droughts in this
region during the 1970s-’80s.
Source: James Ramsay & John M. Lanicci, 4th Annual Homeland Defense &
Security Education Summit, February 2010, Washington, DC
NATO

Based on a broad definition of security that
recognizes the importance of political, economic,
social and environmental factors, NATO is
addressing security challenges emanating from the
environment.
includes extreme weather conditions, depletion of natural
resources, pollution and so on – factors that can
ultimately lead to disasters, regional tensions and violence.
 in April 2010, a NATO Science workshop in Moscow
addressed environmental security and “eco-terrorism”
 a workshop in Cairo looked at food security and safety
against terrorist threats and natural disasters.

NATO: “climate change is emerging
as a threat to peace and security”
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Achim Steiner, the UN Under-Secretary General
and United Nations Environmental Programme
(UNEP) Executive Director, on the impact of
climate change on global security.
“Countries must realise how climate change will
effect their human and national security, and
identify ways to increase their coping capacity.”
NATO cont’d
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5 main and interlinked dimensions:
1.
2.
3.
resource scarcity (food, water, energy security)
coastal vulnerability (1/3 pop lives in coastal zones)
Intensification of extreme weather events
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4.
Migration
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5.
Over the past 20 years, natural hazards have taken lives of
more than 2 million people, have affected more than 200
million people annually, and have produced economic losses
of over 1.2 trillion US dollars.
economic impact of Katrina (24 hours): $125 billion
By 2050, between 50 million and 350 million
Transboundary & shared water resource
competition (ie. Arctic)
«Climate change is a
threat that can bring us
together if we are wise
enough to stop it from
driving us apart»
Achim Steiner, the UN Under-Secretary General &
UNEP Executive Director
quoting Margaret Beckett
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“The economy is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the
environment. All economic activity is dependent on
the environment and its underlying resource base.
When the environment is finally forced to file for
bankruptcy under Chapter 11 because its resource
base has been polluted, degraded, dissipated
irretrievably compromised, then the economy will
bankrupt with it.”
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Tim Wirth, Former U.S. Under Secretary of State for Global Affairs
Tying ES to national and homeland security
strategy: Risk mitigation from natural environment
hazards involves similar actions to risk mitigation
from terrorist attacks.
The next round of climate negotiations in Mexico this December
could pursue several actions to implement such a strategy. It
could continue current efforts to promote the broad-based
scientific assessments that establish the seriousness and damages
from climate change; establish international reporting standards
for monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions; set
greenhouse gas emissions standards for industries and products,
based on demonstrated best practice. Developed countries should
also continue to assist the poorest nations in adapting to the
impacts of climate change. …
Not surprisingly, this approach has failed to catalyze change on
anywhere near the needed scale. Perhaps it is time for a new
strategy, one that sets no specific international plan for the energy
revolution, but instead relies on some nations to race ahead and,
once a majority have discovered a promising path, gives them the
tools to strongly encourage the rest to follow.
http://www.rand.org/commentary/2010/07/01/HP.html
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UN mandated graduate school of peace studies
Environmental factors have been increasingly
implicated in analyses of development, peace
and conflict situations.
analyze the impacts of environmental stress and
climate change on human livelihoods, health and
fulfilment of basic needs, and on the
sustainability and resilience of fragile
ecosystems.
International Anarchy
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‘Condition where there is no ‘world government’;
the sovereign nation-state is the highest authority in
the international system’
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Different conceptions of security (see Box 12.2)
Contributes to continued state of insecurity, since
states are left to defend themselves and provide
their own security
Leads to security dilemma:
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‘Conception in world politics that states are both
protected by the existence of states, and threatened
by them’
War in International Relations

Not all conflict is war
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‘State of actual or perceived incompatible interests’
But all war is based on conflict

‘Use of armed forces in conflict with enemy’
 International
security is
concerned with all types of
conflict

But war is the most extreme and violent
War
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Every country must deal with war, even if it is to
defend against it
‘War is the continuation of politics by other
means’

Carl von Clausewitz (1780–1831)
War and Power

States use power differently:
1.
2.
3.
4.
To coerce others
As threat against non-compliance
Use of economic strength with embargoes and
sanctions
Outright use of military force against others
Just Wars
(See Box 12.3)
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Laws of Armed Conflict govern declaration,
waging, and aftermath of war
When is war just, however?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Right conditions
Not war of aggression
Comparative justice: address suffering felt by one
side
Legitimate authorities
Not futile
Fought with proportionate means
Are We More ‘War-Like’?
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War has always been used as tactic
Difficult to assess whether we’re more likely to
use it today
However, studies show frequency of war is as
high as ever, and instance of war has
increased
More importantly, war is likelier in the
developing world
Terrorism
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‘Strategy of violence designed to bring about
political change by instilling fear in the public at
large’
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9/11 attacks change global security issues
Legacy of 9/11 (Afghan and Iraq wars, global
terror networks) still with us
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Humanitarian Interventionism
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Countries ‘intervene’ in affairs of others all the
time
Humanitarian intervention is different
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‘Interference in the affairs of a sovereign state with
the intention of reducing the suffering felt by people
in that country’
May be justified as means to help others, but
always will be contentious and contested

Exactly when do we ‘know’ it’s time to intervene?
Humanitarian Intervention
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John Stuart Mill: right and responsibility of
civilized states to intervene in the interests of
international morality
Genocide during the Holocaust of World War II
led to renewed attention to intervention
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Yet we still fail to act (see Box 12.6 on Rwanda)
Responsibility to Protect (R2P) a recent (2001)
attempt to clarify need to act against atrocities
Resolving Conflict
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Many forms of resolving conflict today
Negotiation: bargaining process among parties to
seek commonly agreed upon resolution of
dispute
Mediation: voluntary process using impartial
party to bring about resolution of dispute
Arbitration: authoritative resolution to dispute
made by impartial person agreed upon by all
parties
“The stark and inescapable fact is
that today we cannot defend our
society by war since total war is
total destruction, and if war is used
as an instrument of policy,
eventually we will have total war.”
Lester B. Pearson
Want more info? Check out: http://www.unac.org/peacekeeping/en/un-peacekeeping/
Peacekeeping, Conflict Management,
and Resolution
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Sometimes these means are not possible
Peacekeeping presents another option
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‘Military and civilian personnel in a conflict area used to
stop or contain hostilities or supervise the carrying
out of a peace agreement’
A ‘Canadian invention’ with Lester Pearson’s 1956
‘emergency force’ proposal to the UN
Peacekeeping has become a major UN activity now
Peacekeeping
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Increasingly expensive, and growing number of
missions
Many states, e.g., Canada, contribute few soldiers
when they are tasked with other missions (like
Afghanistan, for Canada)
Is the UN the right organization?


Should it be regional? Can different armies be
‘interoperable’ in missions?
Peacekeeping undoubtedly one of the most
effective conflict management means available
Canada in Afghanistan

Good example of many topics raised in this
lecture:
9/11 and terrorism led to Afghan War
 Canada’s multifaceted role in Afghanistan includes
peacekeeping (though it is not strictly a peacekeeping
mission)
 Mission reflects the nature of insecurity felt in
modern international politics
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NYTIMES: A Year at War
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http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/world/battalion.html?hp#/NYT/26
UN SC Resolution 1325?
A watershed political framework that makes women –and a
gender perspective relevant to all aspects of peace processesfrom peace agreements through peace support operations and
planning for refugee, IDP’s and other war affected to postconflict reconstruction processes and the restoration of the
social fabric of a broken society.
Resolution 1325 makes the pursuit of gender equality relevant to every
single action of the UN SC ranging from Mine Clearance to Elections to
Demobilisation, Disarmament, Reintegration & Security Sector Reform.
On October 31, 2000, the United Nations Security Council
unanimously adopted Resolution 1325 on women, peace and
security: It is binding upon all UN Member States and the adoption of
the Resolution marked an important international political recognition that
women and gender are relevant to international peace and security.
Historic and
Unprecedented
Tenth anniversary of SCR
1325 in October 2010, there
remain major gaps in
implementation and
accountability for that
implementation.
1325 did not come out of nowhere
 It was preceded by numerous international documents, treaties and statements
People don’t know it exists …First time the Security Council addressed the
disproportionate and unique impact of armed conflict on women;
recognized the under-valued and under-utilized contributions women make
to conflict prevention, peacekeeping, conflict resolution and peacebuilding. It also stressed the importance of women’s equal and full
participation as active agents in peace and security.
Key Provisions of SCR 1325:
• Increased participation and representation of women at all levels of
decision-making.
• Attention to specific protection needs of women and girls in conflict.
• Gender perspective in post-conflict processes.
• Gender perspective in UN programming, reporting and in SC missions.
• Gender perspective & training in UN peace support operations.
Didn’t meet 30% quota target for women in UN system set out for 2005
Rape and other forms of sexual violence and gender-based violence
systematic, and widespread in today’s armed conflicts:
DRC: Rape as a systematic tool of warfare
Iraq: Rise in reported cases of kidnapping, rape, trafficking
 “There is a persistent shortfall in the financing of solutions for
women’s needs in post-conflict recovery plans, along with very high
levels of sexual violence in some conflicts. Women are still marginalized
in peace processes, with research indicating that in 24 peace processes
over the past two decades, women formed less than 8 percent of
negotiating teams. The consequence is that women’s concerns aren’t
reflected in peace agreements, which in turn compromises inclusive and
equitable recovery and sustained peace.”
Source: http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/documents/1325anniv_media_advisory.pdf
More info: www.peacewomen.org/themes_theme.php?id=15&subtheme=true
While Gender training is compulsory for peacekeepers, its integration relies
on the political will of each mission head.
Needs and voices of the dependants of ex-combatants frequently ignored
and marginalized, respectively
Refugee women and girls continue to experience sexual and gender
based violence in refugee camps and settlements, forced to trade sex for
humanitarian supplies
Continued poor record of SC consultation with women’s organizations
while on mission
November 18, 2010
War and 1325:
Principles or Diversity Checkbox ?
A week after Hillary Clinton announced that the
U.S. would be developing a national action plan for
the implementation of UN SCR 1325 and
providing $44 million in funding,
more than a thousand women attended the
“Women and War" conference in Washington DC.
Kathleen Kuehnast of the U.S. Institute for Peace
said the goal of the conference was to bring the
dialogue on women, peace and security to
Washington, and to build a “community of
practice” made up of veteran peace activists,
grassroots peacebuilders, defense contractors,
academics, and senior officials at the Pentagon.
Go to:
http://www.peacewomen.org/themes_theme.php?id=15&subtheme=true
FYI:
 Security Council Open Debate on Women
and Peace and Security was held on
26 October 2010, Security Council Chamber
Women peace advocates presented the report,
Women Count for Peace: The 2010 Open Days on
Women, Peace and Security and the 1325 petition to
UN Secretary-General Ban Kimoon in October
http://www.saynotoviolence.org/make-women-count-for-peace
 Executive Summary of the Global Open Day Report is available at:
http://www.unifem.org/campaigns/1325plus10/global-open-day/
Canada in Afghanistan
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Canada is in Afghanistan in part as aid to its
military ally (US) and also out of alliance
responsibilities (NATO)
Mission is marked by military,
political/diplomatic, and development roles
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Three government departments: National Defence,
Foreign Affairs, and CIDA
Shows truly multifaceted nature of
contemporary security issues
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Arctic Security Challenges and Issues
Rob [email protected]
 CIC Senior Fellow: CDFAI Fellow

THE CLIMATE CHANGE-SECURITY
NEXUS: IMPLICATIONS FOR
CANADIAN DEFENCE POLICY AND
OPERATIONS 2010-2030
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Ottawa, January 28, 2010
http://www.ligi.ubc.ca/sites/liu/files/Publications/Huebert.pdf
Main Themes
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Canada is facing a Transforming Arctic Security
Environment
The Arctic is in a state of massive transformation
Climate Change
 Resource Development –(was up to a high $140+
barrel of oil-now $80barrel)
 Geopolitical Transformation/Globalization
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Arctic as a Geopolitical Transit Point
Arctic as a New Source of Resources
Has a New Arctic Arms Race Arrived?
What does this mean for Canada?
Confounding Nature of Arctic Security
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Non-linear Progression of Factors
We do not understand interaction of change
 Events can occur very quickly
eg. economic crisis
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Tendency to believe if things are going well now
they will continue to go well...............
Complexity of North
Will remain a very expensive and difficult region to
operate in
 Increasing Interest + Undetermined Maritime
Borders + Involvement of Powerful States =
Uncertain International Security Environment
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The Economics: The Hope of Resources Oil and
Gas: Resources of the North
Source: AMAP
New Geopolitics of the North
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Russia
 Renewed Assertiveness
 Petrodollars
United States
 Multi-lateral
reluctance/emerging
concern to act
 International Role as
remaining Superpower
Norway
 Refocus on North
 Growing Interest
(Concern?) with Russia
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Denmark
 Issues with Greenland –
social; energy
 New Naval capabilities
Iceland
 Economic melt-down
Finland/Sweden
 NATO –Loyal Arrow
Canada
 Renewed Assertiveness
 Re-examining its Arctic
capabilities
Delta IVs at the Arctic 2009
Source: Defence Intelligence Agency
US Arctic Exercises
Northern Edge

“The United States has broad and fundamental
national security interests in the Arctic region
and is prepared to operate either independently
or in conjunction with other states to safe-guard
these interests”
National Security Presidential Directive 66/
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 25 Arctic Region Policy (January 9 2009)
Canadian Navy in Coastal Waters
Resumed in 2002 –Operation
Narwhal
 Hudson Sentinel -2005
Hudson Bay
 Operation Nanook Eastern
Arctic
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700 troops and OGD
Operation Nunakput
Western Arctic
•Operation Nunalivut –
Ranger Parol
Where are we headed?
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Circumpolar states have called for cooperation
Circumpolar states are building up their combat
capable force for the Arctic
New Equipment –Ice and Combat Capable
 New Policies –Unilateral “concern”
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Geopolitics Concerns reduced immediately after end
of Cold War
New concerns are arising as Arctic is
perceived/becoming more accessible
 Issues will be Maritime/Aerospace
 New actors to the region

Security in Canada’s
North Looking Beyond
Arctic Sovereignty
This report examines three dimensions of security in
the North—Arctic security, Northern security, and
community security—in order to provide a more
comprehensive picture of the security challenges in
Canada’s North.
Report by Bjorn Rutten
The Conference Board of Canada, 44 pages,
November 2010
http://www.conferenceboard.ca/documents.aspx?did=3887
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Be it Resolved Climate Change is Mankind's
Defining Crisis, and Demands a Commensurate
Response…. Or should the debates have been over
what to do, not whether to do???
2009 Munk Debates
http://www.munkdebates.com/The-Debates/Climate-Change
Questions :
 As oil becomes more expensive and countries seek new
alternatives for fuel, what will that mean for the oil-rich
countries of the world today?
 Here in Canada, what might that mean for Alberta and
Newfoundland?
Working closely with relevant U.S. departments and
agencies, DoD has undertaken environmental security
cooperative initiatives with foreign militaries that
represent a nonthreatening way of building trust, sharing
best practices on installations management
and operations, and developing response capacity.
~Quadrennial Homeland Security Review Report,
Feb. 2010
“It’s not hard to make the connection
between climate change and instability, or
climate change and terrorism.”
General (Retired) Anthony C. Zinni, U.S. Marine Corps
4th Annual Homeland Defense & Security Education Summit
Washington, DC, February 2010, Ramsay & Lanicci
Climate and Food Security
1.
2.
3.
4.
Seasonal Climate Forecasts
Natural cycles of drought
Global Warming
Impact of Agriculture on Climate
Polly Ericksen
Environmental Change Institute
University of Oxford
Food security…
... exists when all people, at all times, have physical and
economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food to
meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active
and healthy life.
(World Food Summit 1996)
... is underpinned by Food Systems.
Global Environmental Change
Changes in the biogeophysical environment caused or strongly
influenced by human activities
For example changes in:
Land cover & soils
Nitrogen availability & cycling
Atmospheric composition
Biodiversity
Climate variability & means
Sea currents & salinity
Water availability & quality
Sea level
Global Environmental Change
Examples of human activities leading to GEC:
Deforestation
Agricultural intensification
Fossil fuel consumption
Freshwater extraction
Urbanisation
Fisheries overexploitation
Land reclamation
Waste production
Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
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Increased growing season at high latitudes
Increased minimum temperature (crop growth
and pest/pathogen effects)
Continental drying in midlatitudes (?)
Changes in timing of stream flow in mid and high
latitudes (water availability, etc)
Changes in heat wave frequency and intensity;
change in frost days.
Changing patterns of drought.
CO2 effects on soil BGC, plant pathology; ocean
acidification, etc.
Negative impacts where food
insecurity high
Source: FAO State of Food Insecurity 2006
Land use for agriculture
•Harvested land in world increased by 24%
Between 1961 - 2003 to 1.2 billion ha.
•Agricultural conversion to croplands and
managed pastures has affected some 3.3 billion
ha—roughly 26 percent of the land area.
•Agriculture has displaced one-third of
temperate and tropical forests and one-quarter
of natural grasslands.
World Resources Institute calculations, 2000;
Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture, 2007
Look at Slide 16 & 17
http://www.chds.us/resources/uapi/s
ummit10/Track1/Ramsay-LanicciEnvironmental-Security-Nexus-02031510-01.pdf
Today’s Toronto Star
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Global Change Biology, journal
“As a crude comparison, a typical
dairy cow will produce as much in
(carbon dioxide) equivalents per
month as a mid-size car does
travelling 800 kilometres per
month. Changes (of) two to 12 per
cent of the energy intake can be
the difference between that cow
being a compact car and an SUV or
truck,” Jennifer Ellis added.
The Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United
Nations estimates cattle are
responsible for 18 per cent of the
world's greenhouse gas emissions.
http://www.thestar.com/news/sciencetech/environment/articl
e/894342--a-new-beef-with-role-of-cows-in-global-warming
Total GHG emissions for food supply chain
associated with household food consumption in the US
Weber & Matthews, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008
Access is critical to food
security
Multiple Exposure: Food insecurity arises from
overlapping and interacting stressors
7
12
Misselhorn 2005 Global Environmental Change
Vulnerability of the Food System to GEC
More holistic view
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL
CHANGE (GEC)
Change in type, frequency &
magnitude of environmental
threats
Capacity
to cope
with, and
adapt to,
GEC
FOOD SYSTEM
RESILIENCE / VULNERABILITY
Exposure
to GEC
SOCIETAL CHANGE
Change in institutions,
resource accessibility,
economic conditions, etc.
Adapted from Ingram & Brklacich, 2002; Ericksen, 2008
The politics of what you eat...??

Organizers of the 2009 Behavior, Energy and Climate Change
Conference tried an experiment: They made a vegetarian lunch
the default option, and gave meat eaters the choice of opting out.
 Some 80% went for the veggies, not because there were lots
of vegetarians in the crowd of about 700 people but because
the choice was framed differently. We know that because, at a
prior BECC conference, when meat was the default option,
attendees chose the meat by an 83% to 17% margin.

“Omnivores contribute seven times the greenhouse gas
emissions, when compared to vegans,” says Karen EhrhardtMartinez, the conference chair, who works for the American
Council for an Energy Efficient Economy.
Adaptation of or mitigation in food systems...
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Adaptation: adjustments to current or expected climate
change effects
Mitigation: actions to reduce the concentrations of GHG
gases
Fair trade or food miles?
Cheap meat for all or luxury meat for a few?
Localized food systems in every country or increased trade?
Sustainable agriculture or industrial production?
Corn for ethanol or corn for animals and sweeteners?
Which features would be important
in your food system?
Food security for all?
Supermarkets
in every town?
Biofuels?
GM Crop
technologies?
Vegetable gardens at
every house?
Aquaculture?
WTO renegotiated?
Revitalized agricultural extension?
Payments for agrobiodiversity?
Dr. Graham Harvey: 9th grader:
“If world goes to hell, I’ll live on
the moon!”
Mobility has permitted the illusion
of escape when what is most
needed is roots - a sense of place...