Transcript Roberto Porro - World Agroforestry Centre

Environmental Services Provision in the
Transamazon: Cocoa-based Agroforestry and
Community-Company Forest Management
ASB SYMPOSIUM
High Carbon Development Pathways
II World Congress of Agroforestry
August 26th, 2009
Roberto Porro
World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)
Amazon Initiative Consortium (IA)
Potential REDD Impact of Smallholder Carbon
Land use change and deforestation are critical drivers of climate
change contributing to 20-25% of global emissions. Reducing
deforestation is a requirement to climate change mitigation!
Smallholder carbon agroforestry
can be critical in reducing
deforestation while restocking
deforested lands.
It can have a major impact on
REDD as globally, up to 42% of
deforestation is driven by small
scale agriculture and shifting
cultivation (Blaser and Robledo,
2008), a considerable % of
which is linked to poverty and
lack of economic alternatives.
Smallholder Carbon Agroforestry
Unique opportunity to combine:





climate change mitigation
adaptation by poor, vulnerable communities
sustainable development
livelihood improvement, &
biodiversity conservation
By planting trees that remove carbon
dioxide from the atmosphere, smallholders
could claim an important share of the
carbon market and generate income that
could be used locally to promote rural
development.
The overall impact of carbon land use projects
will be greater if smallholders benefit!
• 265 million hectares of degraded land
available for restoration (UNFCCC Special
Report 2000)
• 630 million hectares of unproductive cropland
and grassland available for agroforestry
(UNFCCC Special Report 2000)
• A significant portion of this area is adjacent to
tropical humid forests
• This almost 1 billion ha area is significant in
relation to the world’s near 4 billion ha of forests
(FAO State of the World’s Forests 2007)
• Potential C sequestration is significant (area
times 50 tC/ha): ~ 50 billion tons of C.
• The scale of possible carbon finance is large
relative to current agricultural ODA: all ODA for
agriculture $2.2 billion compared to ~$3 billion
that is only 5% of current carbon market.
Benefits from smallholder high carbon-stock agroforestry
• Climate change mitigation (of carbon emissions) through
sequestration in soil and biomass, as well as conservation
of forest C stocks.
• Adaptation: increased soil water holding capacity, soil
fertility; integration of drought resilient trees into
agricultural systems.
• Livelihoods: food security, income security, long-term
sustainability, non-cash benefits, diversification of
productive base
• Biodiversity: habitat structure connectedness and
direct increase in species richness and evenness
• Partnering with local communities through supporting
sustainable land use systems helps to ensure bio-carbon
sequestration permanence.
SMALLHOLDER COCOA-BASED AGROFORESTRY AT
THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, ANAPU PARA STATE BRAZIL
An example of a prospective
project from the Brazilian
Amazon provides an
opportunity to demonstrate
the feasible integration of
cocoa-based AF, REDD-PES,
and sustainable forest
management in a smallholder
context, and what the
challenges of implementing
such project might be.
Project history, context and location
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
ANAPU’s PDS scheme
52,480 ha
400 smallholder families
First of ~ 80 such schemes
(30,000 sq. km in Amazon)
“environmentally-friendly”
land reform schemes
Assisted by Dorothy Stang
Each colonist family has use
rights, allowed to deforest
20 ha
Remaining land is common
(community associations)
Sustainable Development Pathways at Anapu’s PDS
Integration of cocoa agroforestry, PES for avoided deforestation and sustainable
forest management to prevent climate and biodiversity deterioration while
enhancing livelihoods.
Specific objectives are:
(1) Sustainable forest management of 30,000 ha through community-company
agreement (in operation since 2008)
(2) Avoided deforestation of 24,000 ha (400 families x 60 ha) over 20 years
through a community-managed PES scheme.
(3) PES and forest management income to finance the gradual implementation
of 2,000 ha of cocoa-based AF (400 families x 5 ha), thus reducing slashand-burn.
(4) Facilitate contracts connecting investors (or governmental incentives),
certifiers and ES providers.
(5) Formalize an inter-institutional partnership to quantify and monitor ES,
carbon stocks, and emission reductions, projecting payments and benefits;
Sustainable Forest Management
Community Capacity building - training
Forest inventory
(84 species)
Management plan
35 year rotation cycle
Expected harvest: 30 m3/ha
Community-Company Agreement
Company selected by community, supervised by public authorities
Will employ 80% of labor from the community
10% of annual timber volume: portable community sawmills
Vigilance system against illegal loggers
Annual expected results
Revenues from timber:
Market prices received before =
US$25 / tree !!
area (ha)
1,200
Number of trees
4,140
Volume (m3)
30,000
2008 Community-Company
Agreement
Prices per cubic meter:
Species “A”: US$ 100-180
Species “B”: US$ 60-100
Species “C”: US$ 30-60
Species “D”: US$ 10-30
Effective volume (m3)
20,900
Volume community:
portable sawmill (m3)
1,900
Volume company (m3)
19,000
Average price US$/m3
40
Expected gross income
760,000
Community operation costs
214,000
Expected net income
546,000
YEAR 1 (partial implementation) Average hhold income (US$)
= US$ 650 / household / year
Likely to increase in 3-5 years with expected certification
1,365
Payments for Environmental Services: 24,000 ha avoided Deforestation
Potential Revenues from avoided emissions
hholds year
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
20
deforestation (ha)
SQ
PDS +PES
4
3
2
8
6
4
12
9
6
16
12
8
20
15
10
24
18
10
28
20
10
32
20
10
36
20
10
40
20
10
70
20
10
1,600
3,200
4,800
6,400
8,000
9,600
11,200
12,800
14,400
16,000
28,000
1,200
2,400
3,600
4,800
6,000
7,200
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
8,000
800
1,600
2,400
3,200
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
4,000
av. deforestation (ha)
PDS
+PES
-1
-2
-2
-4
-3
-6
-4
-8
-5
-10
-6
-14
-8
-18
-12
-22
-16
-26
-20
-30
-50
-60
-400
-800
-1,200
-1,600
-2,000
-2,400
-3,200
-4,800
-6,400
-8,000
-20,000
-800
-1,600
-2,400
-3,200
-4,000
-5,600
-7,200
-8,800
-10,400
-12,000
-24,000
avoided tCO2 emissions
PDS
+PES
440
881
881
1,762
1,321
2,642
1,762
3,523
2,202
4,404
2,642
6,166
3,523
7,927
5,285
9,689
7,046
11,450
8,808
13,212
22,020
26,424
net em. Avoid. t CO2.
PDS
+PES
248
495
495
991
743
1,486
991
1,982
1,239
2,477
1,486
3,468
1,982
4,459
2,973
5,450
3,964
6,441
4,955
7,432
12,386
14,864
cumulat. income US$
PDS
+PES
495
991
991
1,982
1,486
2,973
1,982
3,964
2,477
4,955
2,973
6,936
3,964
8,918
5,945
10,900
7,927
12,882
9,909
14,864
24,773
29,727
annual income US$
PDS
+PES
495
991
495
991
495
991
495
991
495
991
495
1,982
991
1,982
1,982
1,982
1,982
1,982
1,982
1,982
14,864
14,864
176,160
352,320
352,320
704,640
528,480 1,056,960
704,640 1,409,280
880,800 1,761,600
1,056,960 2,466,240
1,409,280 3,170,880
2,113,920 3,875,520
2,818,560 4,580,160
3,523,200 5,284,800
8,808,000 10,569,600
t CO2/ha
440.4
99,090
198,180
198,180
396,360
297,270
594,540
396,360
792,720
495,450
990,900
594,540 1,387,260
792,720 1,783,620
1,189,080 2,179,980
1,585,440 2,576,340
1,981,800 2,972,700
4,954,500 5,945,400
30 tC/ha
110.1
15% leakage
0.15
10% permanency 0.1
198,180
396,360
396,360
792,720
594,540 1,189,080
792,720 1,585,440
990,900 1,981,800
1,189,080 2,774,520
1,585,440 3,567,240
2,378,160 4,359,960
3,170,880 5,152,680
3,963,600 5,945,400
9,909,000 11,890,800
2
198,180 396,360
198,180 396,360
198,180 396,360
198,180 396,360
198,180 396,360
198,180 792,720
396,360 792,720
792,720 792,720
792,720 792,720
792,720 792,720
5,945,400 5,945,400
SQ=status quo; PDS= sust.dev.project; +PES= PDS+env.credit
Cocoa-based smallholder agroforestry:
Cocoa is a traditional colonist cash crop in the Transamazon
40,000 tons produced annually
Potentially to be accepted as “forest” land cover for
the compliance of Brazil’s Forest Code (80% forest
land in each landholding in the Amazon region)
Expected Revenues from Cocoa
hholds years
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
400
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
producing cocoa (ha)
SQ
PDS +PES
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.5
0.5
1
1.0
1.0
2
1.5
1.5
3
2.0
2.0
4
2.5
2.5
5
2.5
2.5
5
2.5
2.5
5
0
0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,000
1,000
0
0
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,000
1,000
0
0
0
400
800
1,200
1,600
2,000
2,000
2,000
tons of cocoa/year
SQ / PDS +PES
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.25
0.5
0.65
1.3
1.2
2.4
1.9
3.8
2.75
5.5
2.75
5.5
2.75
5.5
cocoa income US$/year
SQ / PDS
+PES
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$0
$750
$1,500
$1,950
$3,900
$3,600
$7,200
$5,700
$11,400
$8,250
$16,500
$8,250
$16,500
$8,250
$16,500
0
0
0
100
260
480
760
1,100
1,100
1,100
year 1 =
year 2 =
year 3 =
year 4 =
year 5 =
0
0
0
300,000
780,000
1,440,000
2,280,000
3,300,000
3,300,000
3,300,000
1 ton =
0
0
0
200
520
960
1,520
2,200
2,200
2,200
500
650
800
950
1100
0
0
0
600,000
1,560,000
2,880,000
4,560,000
6,600,000
6,600,000
6,600,000
$3,000
Challenges:
Tenure security for entire PDS area
(1) Sustainable Forest Management
Enforcement of vigilance in a 50,000 ha land
Environmental license for management plan
Certification costs
Capacity building for efficient monitoring
Technical support
(2) Payments for Environmental services
Government definitions for a PES policy
Methodology
Field-based measurements
Format for payments
Transaction costs
(3) Cocoa-based agroforestry
Access to credit
Low productivity
Insufficient technical assistance
Incipient value chains
Transportation conditions
Species selection for preferable multistrata systems
Carbon measurements and monitoring
No rewards as a carbon-stock enhancing land use system.
 The proposed scheme is a concrete alternative to
advance in integrating policy / market / livelihood
strategies.