Transcript Constraints of hybrid rice development: Technology (cont.)

A REGIONAL STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABLE
HYBRID RICE DEVELOPMENT IN ASIA
AND THE PACIFIC
Outline for discussions at the Expert Consultation Meeting on
“Hybrid Rice Development in Asia: Assessment of Limitations and
Potential“, 2 - 3 July 2014, Bangkok, Thailand
Bui Ba Bong, FAORAP
Table of Contents
S. No.
Content
1
Overview of rice production in Asia and the Pacific
1.1
Status of rice production
1.2
Challenges
1.3
Future opportunities
2
Overview of hybrid rice production in Asia and the Pacific
2.1
Status of hybrid rice production
2.2
Constraints
2.3
Future opportunities
3
Regional strategy of sustainable hybrid rice development in Asia and
the Pacific
3.1
Vision
3.2
Key strategic objectives
3. 3
Thematic strategies and options
Present status of rice production in Asia and the Pacific
In 2001-2012, in Asia:
o Rice area increased 0.8 million ha per year (0.57% per year)
o Yield increased 45.4 kg/ha per year (1.08% per year)
o Production increased 9.8 million tons per year (1.66% per
year)
Based on FAOSTAT
Region
Area
(M ha)
Yield
(t/ha)
Production
(M tons)
2012
Increase
from 2001
2012
Increase
from 2001
2012
Increase
from 2001
Asia
145.3
8.8
4.48
0.50
651.6
107.7
World
163.2
11.2
4.41
0.48
719.7
122.2
Upland
Upland
rainfed lowland
1990s
rainfed lowland
2004-06
2010
Irrigated area
Irrigated area
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Area (million ha)
0
20
40
60
80
Percentage of total rice area
Area (million ha) of irrigated rice, rainfed lowland
rice and upland rice and their percentage of total
rice area
Challenges of rice production in Asia and the Pacific
o Existing prevalence of hunger and poverty: 600 million in
poverty and 500 million in hunger and malnutrition. Among
the poor, rice farmers are predominated.
o Population continues increasing (from 4.3 million in 2013 to
4.9 million in 2030)
o Environmental degradation occurred in most rice
ecosystems
o Global climate change affects rice production (extremes
events, raised sea water level, increased temperature, …),
and rice cultivation contributes to increased global warming
(methane and NO2 emissions, …)
Challenges of rice production in Asia and the Pacific
(cont.)
o Four “reductions” in:
1. Rice productivity growth (around 1% per year at
present period compared to 2% in the early green
revolution era);
2. Rice area due to economy transformation
3. Water resources (competition by other sector, climate
change)
4. Labor for rice farming due to change labor profile in
rural areas (aging farmers, shortage of skilled labor)
o Change in diet requirement (more demand of high quality
rice)
o Price of rice affected by other unpredictable factors
3.00
Annual growth rate (%)
2.50
2.00
1971-1991
1.50
1991-2011
1.00
0.50
0.00
Area
Yield
Production
Annual growth rate (%) of rice area, yield and
production in Asia in 1971-1991 and 1991-2011
(Based on FAOSTAT)
Future opportunities of rice production in Asia and the
Pacific (cont.)
o Drive of increase rice production/supply to meet increased demand
of population
o Hunger and poverty reduction is still on top of development agenda
of the world and in each country (Zero Hunger Challenge advocated
by UN)
o The world commitment to tackle the problems of global climate
change (Climate Smart Agriculture advocated by UN)
o New technologies (biotechnology, ICT. …) provides opportunities to
increase rice productivity and to help produce more with less (inputs
and labor)
o Rice transformation facilitates modernization of rice production,
reduction of postharvest loss and improvement of rice value chain.
o Trends of promoting global rice trade
FAO formulated A Regional Rice Strategy
for sustainable food security
in Asia and the Pacific with Vision:
Food-secure, better nourished and prosperous rice farmers
and consumers in the Asia/Pacific region who benefit
equitably from a vibrant, innovative and transformed rice
sector that is more productive, efficient and environmentally
sustainable by 2030.
(FAORAP, 2014)
Present status of hybrid rice production in Asia
and the Pacific
o Total hybrid rice area: 20 million ha
o Increased rice productivity (averaged 15-20%) and
increased rice production facilitating the conversion of
the rice land to other agricultural and non agricultural
activities
o Increased incomes of rice farmers growing HR and HR
seed growers as farmers
o Generated additional rural labor involving HR seed
production
Hybrid rice development in Asia: Achievements - Area
and Yield (2012/2013)
HR area
(M ha)
% HR area to
total rice
area
Yield of HR
(t/ha)
% increase in
yield over
inbreds
CHINA
15.5
51
7
30
INDIA
2.5
5.7
6-7
24-36
BANGLADESH
0.67
5.65
6-7
15-30
PAKISTAN
0.2
7.4
5
15-20
VIETNAM
0.6
8.2
6-7
10-20
INDONESIA
0.6
4.5
6-7
15
PHILIPPINES
0.155
3.26
6
50
MYANMAR
0.08
Country
Total Asia: 20 M ha – China: 15.5 M ha – Outside China: 4.5 M ha
Hybrid rice development in Asia: Achievements Chinese example
o Average yield is 30 percent higher than inbred rice
o Increased production 608 million tons (1976-2008) to
support China feeding an extra 60 million people
every year
o Converting 5 million ha of rice land for other
purposes thanks to increased rice production
o Creating more than 0.1 million direct job positions
and 10 million indirect job positions
Source: Li et al., 2009
Super Hybrid Varieties in China
Yield target in 2006-2015: 13.5 t/ha
In 2011:
• Super HR variety Y Liangyou 2 reached 13.9 t/ha
• HR Yongyou 12 was over 13.65 t/ha
Y Liangyou No. 2, the super hybrid rice variety yielding 13.9 t/ha at Longhui, Hunan in 2011
Photo of L. P. Yuan
The 7.2 ha-demonstrative location yielding 13.9 t/ha at Longhui, Hunan in 2011
Photo of L. P. Yuan
Constraints of hybrid rice development: Technology
Reduction in adoption rate in recent years (except India)
HR area to total rice area (%)
Country
2010*
2013**
CHINA
51.8
51.0
INDIA
4.6
5.7
BANGLADESH
6.8
5.6
VIETNAM
10.0
8.2
INDONESIA
4.9
4.5
PHILIPPINES
4.6
3.2
* Dada from Spielman et al. (2012) ** Compiled from different authors
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
INDIA
2000
1500
1000
500
0
PHILIPPINES
Hybrid rice area (ha)
Hybrid rice area (1,000 ha)
2500
HR area per total rice area (%)
Trends of HR area, yield and production in some countries
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2000
Hybrid rice area/Total rice area (%)
700
6.6
500
6.4
400
6.2
300
6
200
Area
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2005
2006
2004
2003
2002
2001
5.6
2000
0
1998
5.8
1995
100
Yield
BANGLADESH
6.8
600
1992
HR area (1,000ha)
7
VIETNAM
HR yield (t/ha)
800
Area (1000 ha)
Constraints of hybrid rice development: Technology (cont.)
Limitation of hybrid varieties
o Stagnant and inconsistent yields of HR varieties:, low heterosis
magnitude
o HR varieties lack other desirable traits to suit to local conditions in term
of:
- grain quality
- growth duration
- tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses (narrow genetic diversity of male
sterile sources resulted in more susceptibility to pests like BPH, WBPH,
BLB, SB…)
- ecosystem adaptability (rainfed conditions)
o Many hybrids released but very few hybrids are superior. Lack of
desirable japonica hybrids
o Significant improvement of inbred varieties (yield and quality, pest
resistance, abiotic tolerance,…)
Constraints of hybrid rice development: Technology
(cont.)
Limitations of HR seed production and supply
o Lack of suitable land specialized for hybrid seed production.
o Low seed yields due to low outcrossing capability of parents,
lack of skilled workers/seed growers, low purity of parental
seeds, improper techniques (for example, to synchronize
flowering of parents), fluctuation in temperature /rainfall
affecting outcrossing
o Lack of facilities for seed processing and storage
o Domestic production is not sufficient and import
dependence.
o High seed cost
o Seed quality problems
Hybrid rice seed yield, seed cost and import (2012/2013)
Hybrid seed
yield (t/ha)
Hybrid seed
cost
(USD/kg)*
% hybrid seed
imported in
total hybrid
seed use
Hybrid seed
export
CHINA
3.0-5.0
2.0
0
Yes
INDIA
1.5-2.0
2.7-3.9
0
Yes
15
No
Country
BANGLADESH
1.3
PAKISTAN
-
8.0
100
No
VIETNAM
2.0-4.0
3.0-5.0
85
No
INDONESIA
1.5-3.0
80
Yes
PHILIPPINES
1.0 - 1.5
50
Yes
6.5
MYANMAR
* Averaged cost of certified seed is about 0.6 USD/kg
Constraints of hybrid rice development: Technology
(cont.)
Limitations of grain quality
o Poor grain quality compared to inbred varieties
o Not suited to consumers preference: (for example, low amylose HR in
Bangladesh, chalkiness in China, bold grains in Vietnam…)
o Processing preference: low head rice recovery
o Not suited to market demand (more demand of high quality rice,
aromatic rice, japonica type,…)
Limitations in cultural practices
o Improper crop management required for HR, particularly nutrient and
pest management
o Large yield gap between demonstration yields and farmers’ yield of HR
o Cultivation of HR rice requires additional external inputs
o Rice ecosystem degradation
Constraints of hybrid rice development: Socioeconomics
o Low paddy price but high input price (rice farmers are not
encouraged to invest in rice farming)
o Low market price of HR as compared to normal rice
- Poor quality, lack of product brands
- Low profits of HR farmers
o Farmers tendency to use their own seeds (seed availability)
o Labor profile in the countryside change (high labor cost, labor
shortage)
o Farmers’ poverty resulted in low response to intensive
technologies
Constraints of hybrid rice development: Policy
o In adequate investment for:
- Research and Extension for HR development
- Human resources capability building (Education and
Training)
- Infrastructure for rice production (irrigation, mechanization,
post harvest…)
o Lack of supportive mechanisms for:
- Mobilization of private sector and all stakeholders involved
- Public and private partnership (Week private sector
participation and public-private partnership)
- Encouragement of domestic seed production
- Facilitation of technology transfer and germplasm exchange
among countries
Constraints of hybrid rice development: Policy (cont.)
o Inconstant and inefficient subsidy leading to unsustainable
adoption of HR; different level of subsidy by local
government within a country
o Different treatment between notified HR varieties (Public)
and truthfully labelled hybrids from private sector (Indian
case)
o Lack of consistent and long term HR program
Future opportunities of hybrid rice development
o Requirement of food security and self-sufficiency in rice
o Rice export opportunity
o Progress in technology innovations - Application of
biotechnology in HR breeding
- Super hybrids
- Two-line hybrids
- Hybrids for rainfed ecosystems
- Improvement in grain quality; aromatic hybrids
- Seed yield improvement
o Increased trends in public-private partnership (PPP)
o Increased support to IPR – plant breeder rightFuture
Vision of sustainable hybrid rice development
in Asia and the Pacific
The Strategy’s vision for sustainable hybrid rice
development in Asia towards 2030 is for a
significant increase of rice productivity and quality
to support ensuring food and nutrition security of
the region, and for benefits of rice farmers,
consumers and business sector, and environment
protection
Key strategy objectives
1. To achieve both higher yield and suitable grain quality for
contributing to (a) food and nutrition security (b) rice selfsufficiency or export enhancement and (c) economy
transformation
2. To ensure sustainable intensification production addressing the
needs of saving external inputs and natural resources,
protecting environment and adapting to climate change
3. To bring about benefits for all stakeholders in hybrid rice sector
4. Expansion of adoption targets including both irrigated and
rainfed ecosystems
Thematic strategies and options
1. Improvement HR varieties to adapt to local rice
production systems and climatic change
2. Improvement of HR seed chain to satisfy hybrid seed
demand and reduce hybrid seed cost
-Seed production, certification and quality control
- Seed marketing and trade
3. Optimized crop management practices for HR production
to achieve “more yield with less inputs and natural
resources exploitation”
4. Strengthening extension and outreach for effective
technology transfer to farmers
Thematic strategies and options (cont.)
5. Capacity building at commune level (including support to
small householders, women and young farmers)
6. Impact analysis of HR rice adoption and
technological/policy interventions (environment, climate
change, farmers. income, consumers’ preference, etc.)
7. Public - private sector partnership (technology
development and investment)
8. National coordination mechanisms and international
cooperation to support sustainable HR development
9. National policy options
(1) Improvement HR varieties to adapt to local rice
production systems and climatic change
(a) Breeding approaches
o Broadening genetic diversity of male sterility sources and
parents
o Exploitation of inter specific hybrids (indica x japonica, indica
x javanica)
o Strengthening research for development of 2 line hybrids
o Exploitation of novel biological technologies in HR breeding
(genomics, marker-aided selection, heterosis prediction, etc.)
o Long term research for C4 hybrids, apomixis
(1) Improvement HR varieties to adapt to local rice
production systems and climatic change (cont.)
(b) Development of HR varieties
o Easy to produce hybrid F1 seed (parents with high outcrossing)
o Yield stability
o Suitable quality
o Suitable growth duration
o Suitable for different rice ecosystems (irrigated/rainfed)
o Abiotic stress tolerance (drought, submergence, salinity, coldness,
heat)
o Disease and insect pest resistance (BPH, WBPH, BLB, SB, RTV,…)
(c) HR varieties testing, release and transfer to production
o Strengthening national HR variety testing programs
o Intensive demonstrations and training farmers to cultivate new HR
varieties
(2) Improvement of HR seed chain to satisfy hybrid
seed demand and reduce hybrid seed cost
Seed production, certification and quality control
o Encouragement of domestic HR seed production (availability of
suitable land for seed production, organization of seed growers,
Insurance for seed growers)
o Increase of F1 seed yield and parental seed yields
- High purity of parental seeds
- Parents possessing high outcrossing capability
- Optimized seed production technologies (critical
synchronization of flowering in parents)
(2) Improvement of HR seed chain to satisfy hybrid
seed demand and reduce hybrid seed cost (cont.)
Seed production, certification and quality control (cont.)
o Mechanization in seed production
o Infrastructure for drying, processing, storage, quality control,
packaging
o Improving seed certification and quality control
Seed marketing and trade
o Promotion of HR seed use
o Reduced cost of female lines seeds to encourage more
growers to venture into F1 seed production
o Improving the supply chain of HR seed market
o Control of counterfeit seeds in trade
(3) Optimized crop management practices for HR
production
o Establishment of of integrated practices site-specific and
variety specific for each production following “Save and
Grow” and “Smart Climate Agriculture” approaches for HR
production:
- Efficiency in nutrient management
- Ecological approach in pest management
- Water-saving technologies
- Mechanization
- ICT application
o Sustainability of the technologies in farmers fields
o Post harvest modernization
o Product quality control (food safety)
(4) Strengthening extension and outreach for
effective technology transfer to farmers
o Increase public investment in HR extension and
outreach to transfer HR technology to farmers
o Intensive extension programs at central and local levels
o Human resource capability building for different level of
extension system
o Encouragement of extension activities done by private
sector and NGOs
(5) Capacity building at commune level (including
support to small householders, women and young
farmers)
o Supporting small householders to adopt HR technology
o Support for the formation of HR production cooperatives of
small households or communes/cooperatives of HR seed
growers (infrastructure development at commune level and
farmers’ organization)
o Engaging woman and young farmers in HR seed production
or modernization of HR production through training,
technology and and credit support.
(6) Impact analysis of HR rice adoption and
technological/policy interventions
Comprehensive and scientific analysis of HR impact
should be done periodically by both government and
independent institutions on productivity,
environment, climate change, farmers’ income,
consumers’ preference, etc. to provide options of
technological/policy interventions
(7) Public - private sector partnership: technology
development and investment
o Synergy of strengths of public sector (technology
generation, germplasm provision), private sector
(adaptive research, seed production and supply) and
NGOs (technology transfer)
o Promotion of dialogues and information exchange
among public and private sectors and NGOs
o Establishment of partnership investment to develop HR
projects in a target areas
(8) National coordination mechanisms and
international cooperation
o Strengthening national organization and coordination in HR
development
o Promotion of regional and international cooperation, through:
- Bilateral and multilateral cooperation among countries,
countries with international institutions or private sector,
private sector with international institutions
- International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER)
of IRRI, in exchange of germplasm and breeding materials and
testing of new HR varieties
- Hybrid Rice Development Consortium coordinated by IRRI
- Development of international networking involving FAO, IRRI,
APSA and other international/regional and country
institutions
(9) National policy options
o Government commitment - Integration of HR in the overall rice sector
development and transformation (to become self-sufficiency, export
consolidation, safeguard of food security, hunger elimination, poverty
reduction etc.). Formulation of National Strategy and Plan
o Increase of public Investment in hybrid rice R & D
- Increasing budget for R & D and for strengthening extension
system
- Improving human resource capability (academic sector,
extension workers, seed growers, farmers)
- Prioritized investment of infrastructure in target areas of HR
production
o Providing incentives to attract more investment from private sector;
support of HR seed industry, promotion of PPP, protection of IP
o Organization of seed growers and farmers (contract / cooperatives)
o Promotion of exchange of technology, information and germplasm
o Careful consideration of subsidies on seeds, fertilizers or other inputs