Transcript 1 NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy

NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate
Change and Energy
2010
Introduction
Lecture 1
N.K. Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A, PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
Н.К.Тови М.А., д-р технических наук
Energy Science Director CRed Project
HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation
Lecture 2
1
NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy
Tuesday
0900-1030
1030 - 1200
Week
1st Feb
Lecture 1: Introduction to
Energy followed by Energy
Futures for UK: Start of
Coursework
Week
8th Feb
Lecture 2: Units and
definitions
Wednesday
0900 - 1030
1030 - 1200
Climate Change: Phil Jones
followed by general discussion of
questions on pages 35 - 36
Briefings for topics for Project
Work
Energy Resource Magnitudes
11:30 – 12:00 review of
1:
questions
Week
15th Feb
Energy Resource
Magnitudes 2:
Social Issues of
Conservation:
Background to Energy
Conversion, Conservation
Technologies: Elementary
Thermodynamics, Heat Pumps,
CHP etc.
NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy
Week 22nd
Feb
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
0900- 1200
0900 - 1200
1400 - 1700
Master Class: Hard
Choices Ahead/
What UEA is doing.
Field Visit of UEA
Site.
Open to SCM and
General Students
Lecture: Energy Demand/
Balance Tables
Practical Examples of
Balance Tables from
Different Countries
Nuclear Power - Fuel
Cycle:
Week 1st
Mar
Energy Conservation
Buildings – Technical 1
Week 8th
Mar
No Session: NKT giving
presentation in Glasgow
Nuclear Power Basics:
Nuclear Power
Reactors
Energy
Conservation
Buildings
– Technical Part 1
Energy
Management 1
Full Day Field Trip depart 08:45
return ~ 17:00+. Bring Wet
weather clothing
NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
0900 - 1200
0900 - 1200
0900 - 1200
Coursework Session
Seminar Presentations 2
(4 presentations)
Energy Management
Part 2
Electricity Scenarios for the
UK
Group Project Work –
formulating final scenario
Coursework
Week Session Seminar
15th Presentations 1
Mar (14 presentation)
Tuesday
Wednesday
0900 – 1200
0900 – 1700
Thursday
1400 – 1700
Master Class:
Resource and
Carbon Foot Printing Master
Week
Group Project Work –
Impacts of a
Class
organised
by
G.
22nd Mar formulating final scenario
selected
Middleton
Renewable
Technology:
NBS-M016 Contemporary Issues in Climate Change and Energy
Tuesday
Wednesday
0900 - 1200
0900 - 1200
EASTER BREAK
Week 12th
April
Renewable Energy
Technologies 1
Renewable Energy Technologies 2
Week 19th
April
Transport: G Middleton
Transport: G Middleton
Some Administrative Matters
All the Handouts and other information, including these
PowerPoint Presentations may be accessed from the
Energy Home Page (on the INTERNET)
www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm
www2.env.uea.ac.uk/gmmc/env/energy.htm
6
Course Work
A Group Project:
partly individual, partly group
Formulate a Low Carbon Energy Policy for UK to 2030
Each person will tackle a different task/theme
1) Domestic Demand
2) Industrial Demand
3) Transport Demand
5) Solar
7) Wave
9) Hydro
11) Biomass Transport
13) Geothermal (not Heat Pumps)
15) HVDC Networks
17) Oil
4) Commercial/Other Demand
6) Wind
8) Tidal
10) Biomass Non Transport
12) Energy for Waste
14) Heat Pumps/ CHP
16) Gas
18) Coal
In the latter part of session today we will allocate tasks and
discuss some general strategic questions relating to Energy
Demand and Supply in UK..
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
•
In UK each person is consuming energy at a rate of
5kW
•
In USA it is 10 kW
1/20th or World’s Population
consumes 25% of all energy
•
In Europe it is 5.7 kW
•
Globally it is around 2kW
• ENERGY Consumption > Carbon Dioxide > Global Warming
8
Energy Consumption
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Nuclear
Fusion ??
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Year
9
Future Global Warming Rates
Concentration of C02 in Atmosphere
380
370
(ppm)
360
350
340
330
320
310
300
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
10
Change in precipitation 1961-2001
Source: Tim Osborne, CRU
Total winter precipitation
Total summer precipitation
11
Is Global Warming man made?
Temperature Rise (oC)
1.0
actual
predicted
0.5
0.0
-0.5
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Predictions include:
Prediction: Anthropogenic only
Not a good match between 1920
and 1970
• Greenhouse Gas emissions
•
Sulphates and ozone
•
Solar and volcanic activity
Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office
12
Is Global Warming man made?
1.0
1.0
actual
predicted
Temperature
Rise (oC)Rise
Temperature
(oC)
0.5
0.5
0.0
-0.5
0.0
-0.5
18601880
1860
1880
1900
19201900
1940
19201980
1960
1940
2000
1960
1980
2000
Predictions include:
• Greenhouse Gas emissions
Prediction: Natural only
•
Sulphates and ozone
good match until 1960
•
Solar and volcanic activity
Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office
13
Is Global Warming man made?
Temperature Rise (oC)
1.0
actual
predicted
0.5
0.0
-0.5
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
Predictions include:
Prediction: Natural and
Anthropogenic
Generally a good match
• Greenhouse Gas emissions
•
Sulphates and ozone
•
Solar and volcanic activity
Source: Hadley Centre, The Met.Office
14
Climate Change: Arctic meltdown 1979 - 2003
‫تغير المناخ‬
‫ اثار على الجليديه القطبيه كاب‬1979 - 2003
• Summer ice coverage of
Arctic Polar Region
• NASA satellite
imagery
• ‫الصيف الجليد في القطب‬
‫الشمالي تغطية المنطقة‬
‫القطبيه‬
• ‫ناسا الصور الفضاءيه‬
2003
1979
•20% reduction in 24 years
15
•20 ٪ ‫ سنوات‬24 ‫تخفيض في‬
Source: Nasa http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/1023esuice.html
Increasing Occurrence of Drought
16
Increasing Occurrence of Flood
Source: Tim Osborne, CRU
17
Electricity Scenarios for UK and implications on CO2 emissions.
Carbon
Carbon Dioxide
Dioxide Emissions
Emissions
Nuclear
Scenario
GasScenario
Scenario
Variable Scenario:
Coal
40% Gas; 20% Nuclear
250
250
20 year growth in
demand
Million
Milliontonnes
tonnes
200
200
200
1.8-2% per
annum
150
150
150
20% reduction
2.2% in 2003
100
100
100
Gas
60% reduction
Coal
50
50
50
Nuclear
Variable
00
01990
1990
1990
1995
1995
1995
2000
2000
2000
2005
2005
2005
Year
Year
Year
2010
2010
2010
2015
2015
2015
2020
2020
2020
2025
2025
2025
Assumptions: 20% renewable generation by 2020,
Demand stabilizes at 420 TWH in 7 years
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
How much Carbon Dioxide is each person emitting as a
result of the energy they use?
In UK 9 tonnes per annum.
What does 9 tonnes look like?
Equivalent of 5 Hot Air Balloons!
To combat Global Warming
we must reduce CO2 by 60%
i.e. to 2 Hot Air Balloons
How far does one have to drive to emit
the same amount of CO2 as heating an
old persons room for 1 hour?
1.6 miles
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
Consequences of Global Warming

Increased flooding in some parts

Increased incidence of droughts

Increased global temperatures
 General increase in crop failure, although some regions
may benefit in short term
 Catastrophic climate change leading to next Ice Age.
Energy must be studied from a multi-disciplinary standpoint
20
What is CRed doing - will you become a partner?
Will you pledge to reduce
Carbon Dioxide?
The pledge might be a small
challenge, it might be a large
one.
Visit the CRed Website
www.cred-uk.org
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UEA Heat Pump
PHYSICAL
SOCIAL
TECHNICAL
ENERGY
POLITICAL
ECONOMIC
ENVIRONMENTAL
Fuel Poverty
Issues
22
In 1974 Bramber Parish Council decided to go
without street lighting for three days as a saving.
( this was during a critical power period during
a Miner’s Strike).
Afterwards, the parish treasurer was pleased to
announce that, as a result electricity to the value
of £11.59 had been saved.
He added, however, that there was a bill of
£18.48 for switching the electricity off and
another of £12.00 for switching it on again.
An example of where
saving resources and
money are not the
same
It had cost the council £18.89 to spend three
days in darkness.
23
What is wrong with
this title?
From the Independent
29th January 1996
similar warning have been
issued in press for this
winter
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1.2 THE ENERGY CRISIS - The Non-Existent Crisis
• No shortage of energy on the planet
• Potential shortage of energy in the form to
which we have become accustomed.
Fossil fuels
• FUEL CRISIS.
25
1.3 HISTORICAL USE OF ENERGY up to 1800
• ~ 15% of energy derived from food used to collect more
food to sustain life.
+ energy used for
making clothing, tools, shelter
• Early forms of non-human power:• 1) fire
• 2) animal power
• OTHER ENERGY FORMS HARNESSED
1)
2)
3)
4)
Turnstile type windmills of Persians
Various water wheels (7000+ in UK by 1085)
Steam engines (?? 2nd century AD by Hero)
Tidal Mills (e.g. Woodbridge, Suffolk 12th Century)
26
1.4 The First Fuel Crisis
LONDON - late 13th /early 14th Century

Shortage of timber for fires in London Area

Import of coal from Newcastle by sea for poor

Major environmental problems
-high sulphur content of coal
Crisis resolved - The Black Death.
27
1.5 The Second Fuel Crisis:UK - Late 15th/early 16th century

Shortage of timber - prior claim for use in ship-building

Use of coal became widespread -even eventually for rich

Chimneys appeared to combat problems of smoke

Environmental lobbies against use

Interruption of supplies - miner's strike

Major problems in metal industries led to many patents to
produce coke from coal (9 in 1633 alone)
28
1.6 Problems in Draining Coal Mines
Problems in Draining Coal Mines and Transport of coal
> threatened a third Fuel Crisis in Middle/late 18th Century
Overcome by Technology and the invention of the steam engine by
Newcommen.
 a means of providing substantial quantities of mechanical
power which was not site specific (as was water power etc.).
NEWCOMMEN's Pumping Engine was only 0.25% efficient
WATT improved the efficiency to 1.0%
29
1.6 Current Limitations
Current STEAM turbines achieve 40% efficiency,
further improvements are
• LIMITED PRIMARILY BY PHYSICAL LAWS
• NOT BY OUR TECHNICAL INABILITY TO DESIGN AND
BUILD THE PERFECT MACHINE.
Coal fired power stations:
ultimate efficiency ~ 45%
even with IGCC
CCGT Stations are currently 47-51% efficient
> ultimately ~ 55%.
30
1.7 Energy Capabilities of Man
• Explosive sports - e.g. weight lifting
500 W for fraction of second
• Sustained output of fit athlete --> 100 - 200 W
• Normal mechanical energy output << 50 W
• Heat is generated by body to sustain body at pre-determined
temperature:Thermal Comfort
• approx.: 50 W per sq. metre of body area when seated
•
80 W per sq. metre of body area when standing.
31
Early Wind Power Devices
C 700 AD in Persia
•used for grinding corn
•pumping water
•evidence suggests that
dry valleys were
“Dammed” to harvest
wind
32
1.8 Forms of Energy





NUCLEAR
CHEMICAL - fuels:- gas, coal, oil etc.
MECHANICAL - potential and kinetic
ELECTRICAL
HEAT - high temperature for processes
- low temperature for space heating
• All forms of Energy may be measured in
terms of Joules (J),
• BUT SOME FORMS OF ENERGY ARE
MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS
33
1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION
 Energy does not usually come in the form needed:
 convert it into a more useful form.
 All conversion of energy involve some inefficiency: Physical Constraints (Laws of Thermodynamics)
can be very restrictive
MASSIVE ENERGY WASTE.
 This is nothing to do with our technical incompetence.
The losses here are frequently in excess of 40%
34
1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION
 Technical Limitations
(e.g. friction, aero-dynamic drag in turbines etc.) can be
improved, but losses here are usually less than 20%, and in
many cases around 5%.
 Some forms of energy have low physical constraints
converted into another form with high efficiency (>90%).
e.g. mechanical <--------> electrical
mechanical/electrical/chemical -----------> heat
 Other forms can only be converted at low efficiency
e.g. heat ------------> mechanical power - the car!
or in a power station
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1.9 ENERGY CONVERSION
USE MOST APPROPRIATE FORM
OF ENERGY FOR NEED IN HAND.
• e.g. AVOID using ELECTRICITY for
•
LOW TEMPERATURE SPACE heating
•
Hot Water Heating
in UK, Germany, India, China
but
using electricity in Norway, Canada. Colombia, France
is sensible
•
Cooking (unless it is in a MicroWave).
36
1.10 WHAT DO WE NEED ENERGY FOR?
 HEATING - space and hot water demand
(80%+ of domestic use excluding transport)






LIGHTING
COOKING
ENTERTAINMENT
REFRIGERATION
TRANSPORT
INDUSTRY
- process heating/ drying/ mechanical power
• IT IS INAPPROPRIATE TO USE
ELECTRICITY FOR SPACE HEATING
37
1.11 GRADES OF ENERGY
 HIGH GRADE:
- Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical
 MEDIUM GRADE: - High Temperature Heat
 LOW GRADE:
- Low Temperature Heat
• All forms of Energy will eventually degenerate to
Low Grade Heat
• May be physically (and technically) of little
practical use - i.e. we cannot REUSE energy which
has been degraded
- except via a Heat Pump.
38
1.12 ENERGY CONSERVATION
 Energy Conservation is primarily concerned with
MINIMISING the degradation of the GRADE of
ENERGY.
(i.e. use HIGH GRADE forms wisely
- not for low temperature heating!!).
 To a limited extent LOW GRADE THERMAL
ENERGY may be increased moderately in GRADE
to Higher Temperature Heat using a HEAT PUMP.
 However, unlike the recycling of resources like
glass, metals etc., where, in theory, no new
resource is needed, we must expend some extra
energy to enhance the GRADE of ENERGY.
39
2.0 UNITS INTRODUCTION
The study of ENERGY is complicated by the presence of
numerous sets of UNITS OF MEASURE which frequently
confuse the issue.
It is IMPORTANT to recognise the DIFFERENCE between the
TWO BASIC UNITS:a) the JOULE (a measure of quantity)
b) the WATT
(a RATE of acquiring/ converting/ or using ENERGY).
40
2.1 Quantity of Energy
The basic unit of Energy is the JOULE.
the WORK DONE when a force moves through a distance of
1 metre in the direction of the force. The SI unit is the
JOULE, and all forms of Energy should be measured in
terms of the JOULE.
FORCE is measured in Newtons (N)
DISTANCE is measured in metres (m)
Thus WORK DONE = Newtons x metres = Joules.
A 1 kg lump of coal, or a litre of oil will have an equivalent Energy
Content measured in Joules (J).
Thus 1 kg of UK coal is equivalent to 24 x 106 J.
or 1 litre of oil is equivalent to 42 x 106 J.
The different units currently in use are shown in Table 2.1
41
2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY
 JOULE (J).
 calorie (cal)
 erg
 Kalorie (or kilogram calorie Kcal or Kal)
 British Thermal Unit (BTU)
 Therm
 kilowatt-hour (kWh)
 million tonnes of coal equivalent (mtce)
 million tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) (often also seen as - mtep - in International Literature).
 litres of oil
 gallons (both Imperial and US) of oil
 barrels of oil
 million tonnes of peat equivalent
Table 2.1 Energy units in common use.
42
2.1. QUANTITY OF ENERGY
Situation is confused further
•
US (short) ton
•
Imperial (long) ton
•
metric tonne.
European Coal has an Energy content 20% than the equivalent
weight of UK coal.
See Data Book for conversion factors.
Always use the SI unit (JOULE) in all essays etc. If necessary
cross refer to the original source unit in brackets.
CONSIDERABLE CONFUSION SURROUNDS THE USE OF
THE KILOWATT-HOUR -- DO NOT USE IT!!!!
43
2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY
The RATE of doing WORK, using ENERGY is measured in
WATTS.
i.e. 1 Watt = 1 Joule per second
1 W = 1 J s-1
Burn 1 kg coal (Energy Content 24 x 106 J) in 1 hour (3600
seconds) – RATE of consumption is:24 x 106 /
3600
= 6666.7 W
Equally, a Solar Panel receiving 115 W m-2 (the mean value for
the UK), the total energy received in the year will be:-
115 x 24 x 60 x 60 x 365 = 3.62 x 109 J.
44
2.2. RATE OF USING ENERGY
NOTE: THE UNITS:-
KILOWATTS per HOUR
KILOWATTS per YEAR
KILOWATTS per SECOND
are MEANINGLESS (except in very special circumstances).
WARNING: DO NOT SHOW YOUR IGNORANCE IN EXAM
QUESTIONS BY USING SUCH UNITS
45
Implies that the cost of
Sizewell would be about
£15!!!!!!!
46
2.3. SI PREFIXES
milli
kilo
Mega
Giga
Tera
Peta
Exa
-
m
k
M
G
T
P
E
x 10-3
x 103
x 106
x 109
x 1012
x 1015
x 1018
NOTE:1) The prefix for kilo is k NOT K
2) There are no agreed prefixes for 1021 or 1024
3) Avoid mixing prefixes and powers of 10 wherever
possible.
i.e.
280 GJ is permissible but not 28000 GJ
or 2.8 x 10 4 GJ.
47
3. ENERGY - DEFINITIONS
All uses of energy involve conversion of one form of energy to
another.
Energy conversion processes is inherently inefficient
Efficiency () =
the amount of useful energy out
----------------------------------------- x 100%
the amount of energy put in
Some Typical Efficiencies:steam (railway) engines
cars
electric fire
gas central heating boiler
oil central heating boiler
10%
20 - 25%
~100%
70 - 75%
65 - 70%
UEA boiler
Power Station Boiler
Open Coal fire
Coal Central Heating
Steam Turbine
~87%
90-92%
10%
40-50%
45-50%
48
ENERGY DEFINITIONS
3.2 PRIMARY ENERGY The energy content of the energy resource when it is in
the ground.
3.3 DELIVERED ENERGY The energy content of the fuel as it is delivered to the
place of use.
3.4 USEFUL ENERGY -
The actual amount of energy required for a given
function IN THE FORM USABLE FOR THAT
FUNCTION.
49
3.5 PRIMARY ENERGY RATIO (PER)
Primary Energy Content of fuel
= -----------------------------------------Delivered Energy content of fuel
PER
EXAMPLES:Gas -
1.06 :
Oil - 1.08 :
Coal - 1.02
-------------------------------------e.g. for gas, 6% of the energy extracted is used either directly, or
indirectly to deliver the energy to the customer.
- exploration
- making production platforms
- making pipelines
- pumping
- administration and retail of fuel
- fractionating/blending fuel
For Electricity, the
PER has varied over
the years - it is
currently around 2.80
50
3.6 Appliance Efficiency ()
Appliances are not, in general 100% efficient in converting the
fuel into a useful form of energy.
Thus (from 3.1 above):The efficiency of the appliance may be expressed as:
=
useful energy out (in form required)
-----------------------------------------------energy input to appliance (+)
+ in most cases, the energy input will be the delivered energy,
so:
=
useful energy
------------------------------delivered energy
51
3.7 FURTHER COMMENTS ABOUT EFFICIENCY
Life Cycle Analysis
• If we want 1 GJ of useful energy,
• How much energy must we dig from the ground if we require
the energy as heat from as gas boiler with an efficiency
of 70%?
Primary Energy Required
=
1 / 0.7
x
1.06
=
1.51 GJ
=======
Be sure you understand this relationship, and why it is not:-
or
0.7 x
1.06
1.3 x
1.06
52
3.8 ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Energy Efficiency is the efficient use of energy.
IT DOES NOT NECESSARILY MEAN A SAVING OF
RESOURCES.
e.g.
Producing 20% more products for same energy input
would not save energy overall even though it would
reduce energy requirement per product.
Insulating a poorly heated house will increase the
efficiency of using energy, but the savings in resources
will be small
increased temperature
 avoiding hypothermia is efficient use of energy.
53
3.9 ENERGY CONSERVATION
Energy Conservation is the saving of energy resources.
Energy Efficiency is a necessary pre-requisite for Energy
Conservation
(remember Energy Efficiency does not necessarily mean Energy
Conservation).
It is interesting to note the Government Office was termed
THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OFFICE
Some members of the Government still believe Energy
Efficiency and Energy Conservation are the same.
However, the ENERGY SAVING TRUST (relevant for domestic
applications is closer to what is needed. The CARBON TRUST
is the equivalent organisation for businesses
54
3.10 OTHER DEFINITIONS OF ENERGY CONSERVATION
 Industry/Commerce often consider Energy Conservation
only as a saving in MONETARY terms
 The moral definition is the saving of resources.
often will not result in a MONETARY saving
This
 The so called Energy Conservation Grants to Industry in
late 1970's early 1980's were not Conservation Grants at all,
but Grants to encourage switching of fuels from oil to coal.
55
3.11
CALORIFIC VALUE
Energy Content of the fuel per unit mass or unit volume.
- maximum amount of energy that can be extracted from a unit of
the fuel.
There are two Calorific Values:lower calorific value (LCV)
This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the
products of combustion are emitted at temperatures in excess of
100oC i.e. any water present is emitted as steam.
upper calorific value (UCV)
This is amount of energy derived by combusting a fuel when the
products of combustion are emitted at temperatures below 100oC i.e.
any water present is emitted as water vapour.
The difference between the two calorific values is about 5% (UCV > LCV)
56
3.12 SPECIFIC HEAT
This is the Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a
body through 1 degree Celsius.
This parameter is needed when storage of Energy is considered.
(e.g. size of Hot Water Cylinder in a House)
57