Transcript document

MOTOR COACH INDUSTRIES
Climate Change Initiatives
Percy Phillips
Director of Engineering
MCI and Climate Change Overview:

1. About Motor Coach Industries

2. Transportation and Climate Change

3. Traffic and Bus Energy and Emissions

4. MCI Climate Improvement Opportunities:
– Compressed (or Liquified) Natural Gas fueled commuter bus
– Hybrid powered commuter bus
– Low Emission Auxiliary Power Units
– Driver Training for Energy Use Optimization.

5. Government Climate Improvement Opportunities:
– Provide R&D assistance for low emission bus projects
– Increase bus ridership
– Provide Tax Incentives and/or Subsidies to support low emission
bus deployment and ridership.
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MCI: Who We Are

MCI designs, develops, manufactures and
markets intercity coaches for revenue service
and personal use.

MCI is the largest North American coach
manufacturer, with plants and offices in
Manitoba, Quebec, North Dakota, New Mexico,
California, Texas, New Jersey,Ohio, Kentucky,
Illinois, and Mexico.

In Manitoba alone, we build almost 1,400
coaches per year, with almost 2,000
employees.

Some of the major subcontractors supporting
MCI in Manitoba include: Vansco, Acrylon,
Franklin, EH Price, Custom Steel, Sigma,
Mackow, Stormtite, Industrial Rubber, Thor,
Dupont, and Atlas Alloys.
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Climate Change

Scientific evidence strongly suggests that the rapid buildup of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is raising the earth's temperature
and changing the earth's climate with many potentially serious
consequences.
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Canada is number 3 in the world for Greenhouse Gas Emissions at 6.0 MMTCE (Million Metric Tons of
Carbon Equivalent) per capita.
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Transportation’s Contribution to Greenhouse Gases:

The transportation sector is the second largest contributor to greenhouse gases.
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Greenhouse Gases from Transportation:
 Primary
Greenhouse Gases:
– Carbon Dioxide, CO2
– Nitrous Oxide, N2O
– Methane, CH4
 Indirect
Greenhouse Gases:
– Nitrogen Oxides, NOx
– Carbon Monoxide, CO
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CO2 Production
1998 CO2 Emissions
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Cement Manufacture
Natural Gas Flaring
Lime Manufacture
Waste Combustion
Limestone and Dolomite Use
Soda Ash Manufacture and Consumption
Carbon Dioxide Consumption
International Bunker Fuelsb
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Nitrogen Oxide Emissions

While total N2O
emissions are much
lower than CO2
emissions, N2O is
approximately 310
times more powerful
than CO2 at trapping
heat in the
atmosphere (IPCC
1996).

Mobile sources are
the second largest
producer of N2O.
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Recent Trends

The recent trends show a general increase in total greenhouse gas emissions.
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Bus Emissions

Total bus and Heavy Duty Truck emissions have increased.
Bus Emissions
4
3.5
3
MMTCE
2.5
Buses CO2
2
HD Trucks and
Buses CH4
1.5
HD Trucks and
Buses N2O
1
0.5
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
Year
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Traffic

Average MCI coach has
seating for 56 passengers

Assuming some existing
car pooling, one coach
could easily take 40 cars
off the road during rush
hour.
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Traffic Energy and Emissions

Year 2000 average Canadian car fuel economy was 24.2 miles per
U.S. gallon, or .0412 gallons per mile per car which generates .3605
kg CO2 per mile per car.

40 passenger cars would release 14.42 kg CO2 per mile.

Typical MCI intercity coach fuel economy is 6.7 mpg, or .149 gallons
per mile per coach which generates 1.49 kg CO2 per mile per bus.

If one coach could replace 40 cars during rush hour commutes, it
would generate 11 times less CO2, and save 1.5 gallons per mile.

However, for the last 30 years, while intercity bus miles traveled in
Canada has not shown any trend, the number of passengers has
declined. In the U.S., this trend has not been demonstrated. Therefore,
bus usage has become less optimized in Canada.
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Intercity Bus Usage in Canada
Canadian Intercity Bus
(source: Transport Canada)
250,000
200,000
150,000
Passengers (X1000)
Veh-Kms (X1000)
100,000
50,000
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
1971
1969
1967
1965
1963
1961
1959
1957
1955
1953
1951
1949
1947
1945
1943
1941
0
Year
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Canada vs. U.S. Bus Usage
Intercity Bus Passengers
(source: Transport Canada)
120
100
Index (1970 = 100)
80
US
60
Canada
40
20
19
70
19
71
19
72
19
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19
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19
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19
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95
19
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19
97
0
Year
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Canadian Bus Usage

If Canadian Bus Usage could be returned to the 1970 level, we could
take over 20 Million car trips off the Canadian roads, and save at least
387 kg of CO2 per mile traveled.

Less traffic congestion would also further reduce the emissions
generated by the remaining vehicles on the street, through smoother
flowing traffic.
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MCI Climate Change Initiatives/Opportunities:
Natural Gas Fueled Engines:
 Compared
to current Diesel Engines:
– 50% less NOx emissions
– up to 25% less CO2
– significant reductions in other toxic emissions
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MCI Climate Change Initiatives/Opportunities:
 MCI
CNG fueled Commuter bus is currently offered.
 Future
opportunities for LNG Commuter Bus and
CNG/LNG short haul Tour Coach.
 Challenges:
– Current CNG/LNG DDC S60 engine carries a tremendous cost penalty.
The S60G engine is currently the only CNG/LNG engine available in the
power range required for our bus/coach size/weight.
– Low cost, light weight fuel tanks.
– R & D costs for MCI to develop LNG Commuter Coach ~ $2 Million (US).
 Opportunities:
– possible alternative CNG/LNG engine development cooperative program
with Westport Innovations of Vancouver, B.C.
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MCI Climate Change Initiatives/Opportunities:
Diesel fueled Hybrid-Electric Powered:
 Compared
to current conventional Diesel Powertrains:
– 50% less NOx emissions*
– 50% less CO2 emissions*
– significant reductions in other toxic emissions
* over CBD-14 standard driving cycle
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MCI Climate Change Initiatives/Opportunities:
 MCI
does not currently offer a Diesel Hybrid Electric
powertrain bus.
 Future
sales opportunities for Hybrid- Electric Commuter
Buses.
 Challenges:
– R & D costs for MCI to develop a Hybrid Powered Commuter Coach ~ $2
Million (US)
– Cost of hybrid components are still high, therefore the hybrid bus will also
carry a significant cost penalty.
 Opportunities:
– MCI currently has an opportunity with Allison Electric Drives to codevelop an advanced Parallel Hybrid-Electric commuter bus.
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MCI Climate Change Initiatives/Opportunities:
Low Emission Auxiliary Power Units (APU):
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Current Commuter Buses and Coaches often spend a great deal of
time idling, to maintain interior comfort levels (heat in winter, A/C in
summer), and electrical accessories.

A typical Coach or Commuter Bus spends 40% of it’s time with the
engine at idle. This corresponds to about 2000 gallons of fuel, and
generates approximately 20,000 kg of CO2, per year per bus. With
over 3000 coaches in Canada alone, this corresponds to 60 Million kg
of CO2 per year. For all of North America, 880 Million kg of CO2 are
generated by coaches idling.

A low emission, high efficiency APU could generate electricity to run
the bus/coach “hotel loads”, and allow the main engine to shut down,
thereby conserving fuel and reducing emissions.
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MCI Climate Change Initiatives/Opportunities:
 MCI
does not currently offer a low emission APU.
 Future
opportunities to use small Fuel Cells,
MicroTurbines, or other low emission, high efficiency
auxiliary power sources.
 Challenges:
– MCI does not currently have the budget (or necessary expertise) to
develop the APU systems.
– Cost of Fuel Cells are still high, therefore the APU may also carry a
significant cost penalty.
 Opportunities:
– Canada is the leader in Fuel Cell technology, with several companies
developing different fuel cell systems.
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MCI Climate Change Initiatives/Opportunities:
Driver and Mechanic Training:

Current and future Bus and Coach drivers and service personnel can
be trained to:
– minimize bus idling times (park in shaded areas in summer, etc.)
– drive smoothly to conserve energy and reduce emissions
– maintain the bus/coach in a “clean” and efficient state of tune
(brakes aren’t dragging, etc.).

However, MCI currently does not have the budget to expand training
programs.
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Summary:
Opportunities for MCI to help reduce climate change:

CNG/LNG powered buses/coaches
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Hybrid-Electric powered buses
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High Efficiency, Low Emission APUs to reduce idle time

Driver and Maintenance Training Programs
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Summary:
Opportunities for the Canadian and Manitoba Governments:

provide R&D assistance for the “green” technology bus projects, and
training initiatives.

increase bus ridership in Canada.

offset “green” technology bus costs with Tax Incentives or Subsidies
for bus/coach operators:
– ~ $50,000 (US) for each Hybrid bus
– ~ $80,000 (US) for each CNG/LNG bus
– ~ $30,000 (US) for each APU equipped bus
– reduce fuel taxes on ultra low sulfur Diesel fuel, CNG and other
possible “clean” fuels.
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