Transcript Dr. Kumar Mahendra, SPREP

Options for Mitigation and
Adaptation Technologies for the
Pacific Island Countries
by
Mahendra Kumar
South Pacific Regional Environment
Programme, Apia, Samoa
Outline of Presentation
• PICs background
– vulnerability
– GHG emissions
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Mitigation options
Adaptation options
Barriers
Needs
Conclusion
Pacific Islands Region
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Geographical isolation
Fragile environment
Rapid population growth
Limited natural resource base
Dependence on marine resources
Vulnerability to natural hazards
Vulnerability to external and global changes
Vulnerability to Natural Hazards
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Cyclones: high to medium
Coastal flood: high (1 medium)
River flood: variable
Drought: medium to high (2 low)
Earthquake: 3 high, low to medium
Landslide: 3 high, low
Tsunami: medium to high
Volcano: 3 high
GHG Emissions
• 0.96 tonnes per capita p.a.,
– world average for 1996: 4.02 t/pa
• 0.2% population, .03% emissions
• OECD: 20% population, 50% global
emissions
Question
What is there to mitigate?
Mitigation
• Demand side: appropriate (more efficient)
appliances (technology) to enhance
efficiency
• Supply side
– Improve efficiency by using better technology
– New and alternative forms of energy: solar,
wind, biomass, biofuels, ocean, mini hydro
Table 4: Options for Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emissions (From Ellis, 1999
Power Generation
Power
Distribution
Power
Consumption
Ground Transport
Forest
Pricing/Tax
Carbon tax on all fossil
fuels
Tax on ageing and
inefficient gensets
Preferential tax /
exemptions of non-fossil
consuming technologies
Preferential tax /
exemptions on
supplies for
upgrading the
distribution systems
network
Tax on inefficient
appliances
Preferential Tax /
exemption on more
efficient appliances
Tariff review
Make forest
establishment
Expenses tax
deductible
Sell emissions
offset rights
Subsidy
Subsidise lighter fuels
Subsidise more efficient
gensets
Subsidise emission
control/monitoring
instruments
Subsidies for
upgrading power
distribution
networks
Subsidise more
efficient appliances
Regulation/
Policy
Emissions level
Fuel quality
Power Mix
Efficiency of gensets
More use of renewables
Renewable energy
awareness and training
programmes
Levels of line losses
Power thefts
Minimum equipment
standards
Carbon tax on all
petroleum fuels
Tax vehicles
according to engine
sizes
Preferential tax /
exemptions on nonfuel consuming
transport system
Subsidise the public
transport sector
Subsidise more
efficient cars
Subsidise non-fuel
consuming transport
systems
Engine sizes
Emission levels
Technical assistance
with loss
identification
Efficiency labelling
schemes
Efficiency audits
Public awareness and
training programmes
Public awareness
and training
programmes
Emissions control and
monitoring instruments
More efficient gensets
Power from wind, hydro,
biomass, PV, coconut oil,
geothermal, waves, OTEC
Commercially-oriented
power sector
Cables
Transformers
Reliable metering
equipment to detect
losses
Affordable and
efficient appliances
Solar water heaters
Biomass for heat
PV
Fuel consumption
labelling schemes
Public education
and maintenance
training
programmes
Public transport
vehicles
Commerciallyoriented power
sector
Full costs of power
supply recovered in
the power tariff
Commerciallyoriented power sector
Traffic control
measures to smooth
traffic flows
Establish a coordinating agency to
improve public
transport efficiency
Create company,
trust, or other
structure to facilitate
afforestation projects
Information
Equipment
Supply
Institutional
Compensate for
loss of stumpage
revenue. Provide
free seedlings
Provide improved
roading
Tree planting
obligation after
harvesting
Nurseries
Table 6: Renewable Energy Resource Potentials of the Pics (From
Johnston, 1995)
Country
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Cook Is
FSM
Fiji
Kiribati
Marsh.Is.
Nauru
Niue
Palau
PNG
Samoa
Sol. Is.
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
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 excellent resource;
Hydro
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GeoOTEC Wave
thermal
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good resource; some resource,
?? definite potential but resource unknown;
~ unlikely to be exploitable resource}
Adaptation
• Actions, activities, measures designed to
ameliorate impacts of climate change
• Two main concerns for PICs
– Extreme events
– Sea-level rise
Priority Sectors
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Coastal zone
Water resources
Agriculture
Fisheries
Ecosystems
Human health
Adaptation Technologies
• Definition of ‘technology transfer’
• Adaptation technologies
– Uncertainties on magnitudes and rate of
impacts at local/regional level
– Site specific
– Local benefits
– Not commercially attractive
– Public & government sponsored
Coastal Technologies
• Crucial for small islands
• Existing best practices using traditional
technology
• V&A assessments completed
• Need to identify available technology
• Enhance awareness and training to enable
adoption and usage
Possible Adaptive Measures
• Agriculture
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Salt-tolerant crops
Drought resistant cultivars
Crop diversification
Change in farming practices
Selection of suitable species
Coastal Zone
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Protection of mangrove system
Protection of coral reefs
Coastal management systems
Foreshore revegetation & protection
Prevention of pollutant discharge
Control of aggregate removal
Water Resources
• Improved management and maintenance of
existing water supply
• Improved water quality
• Catchment protection and conservation
• Drought preparedness
• Flood controls
• Protection of ground water
Human Health
• Reduction in heat stress by improved
building designs
• Public awareness programmes about
malaria, dengue and other vector borne
diseases
• Improved quarantine measures
• Improved medical services
Barriers
• Lack of awareness about climate change,
impacts and the linkages
• Lack of understanding about human
influences
• Lack of awareness about technology and
information dissemination mechanisms
• Lack of resources and skills
• Lack of appropriate national polices
Needs
• Awareness, public information, education
training programmes on
– Climate change and impacts
– Role of technology to address these
• Institutional: regional/local centres for
information dissemination, training,
capacity building
• R&D: develop new technologies; adopt for
local conditions
• Appropriate policies
Conclusion
• Identify priorities for PICs
– Country driven
• Activities dependent on resources and
technology
• Developed country obligations
• Integrated approach
– Transfer of hardware
– Training, capacity building, awareness raising
– Involvement of all stakeholders