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Final Exam F 5/14 from 9am-noon in... Q&A Th 5/13 TBA emester Primary Succession after glacier retreat, 150-300 years Fig 54.22 Secondary Succession of a field (20 yrs) Human vs Natural Disturbances Restoration Ecology- human involvement in recovering from a disturbance. Fig 56.21 What limits the success of restoration? Niche Disappearance, Invasive Species, and Climate Change Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 Normal disturbances cause changes within a certain range, climate change may drive change beyond normal ranges Fig 1. Ecological Restoration and Global Climate Change (2006) J. Harris, R. Hobbs, E. Higgs, and J. Aronson. Restoration Ecology 14: 170–176 What limits the success of restoration? Niche Disappearance, Invasive Species, and Climate Change Fig 1: Enhancement of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services by Ecological Restoration: A Meta-Analysis J M Rey Benayas, A C Newton, A Diaz, J M Bullock Science 28 August 2009: Vol. 325. no. 5944, pp. 1121 - 1124 Why would active restoration be chosen over passively allowing succession? Fig 56.21 Ecological Restoration benefits on a large scale Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita J W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684 Storm surge, damage, and deaths were less where coastal wetlands are intact Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita J W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684 Future storm damage could be reduced by reestablishing coastal wetlands. Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita J W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684 Future storm damage could be reduced by reestablishing coastal wetlands, cost $5-$17 billion Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: Lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita J W Day, Jr et al.Science 23 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5819, pp. 1679 - 1684 What are the two most basic resources necessary for biodiversity? Restoring ecosystems must begin with the basics: water and space Fig 56.23 Kissimmee River, Florida- Had been turned into a 90 km canal. About 24 km of the river has been restored. Fig 56.23 Rhine River, Europe- dredging for ships reduced biodiversity. Side channels are being reintroduced to allow species to recover. Fig 55.14 Water cycle Stream restoration in urban catchments through redesigning stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream C. Walsh, T. Fletcher, and A. Ladson J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2005, 24(3):690–705 Restoration of streams degraded by urbanization has usually been attempted by enhancement of instream habitat or riparian zones. Restoration of streams degraded by urbanization has usually been attempted by enhancement of instream habitat or riparian zones. Restoration of streams degraded by urbanization has usually been attempted by enhancement of instream habitat or riparian zones. The primary degrading process to streams in many urban areas is impervious cover The direct connection of impervious surfaces to streams means that even small rainfall events can produce sufficient surface runoff to cause frequent disturbance. Where impervious surfaces are not directly connected to streams, small rainfall events are intercepted and infiltrated. http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm A wet retention pond to filter pollutants and buffer and maintain stream flow http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Roadside ditches can increase water filtration http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Baffle boxes to store water and remove sediment http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Inlet screens for filtering large debris http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Restoration of streams degraded by urbanization has usually been attempted by enhancement of instream habitat or riparian zones. The use of alternative drainage methods, which maintain a near-natural frequency of surface runoff from the catchment, is the best approach to stream restoration in urban areas. Two ways to think about the world: atoms Reductionism molecules organelles cells tissues organs systems holism organisms ecosystem planet Ecological Interconnections Final Exam F 5/14 from 9am-noon in... Q&A Th 5/13 TBA emester