Transcript Molecular Evolution

Chapter 06
Author: Lee Hannah
FIGURE 6.1 Pangaea (a), Laurasia and Gondwanaland (b).
(a) Courtesy of Canadian Geographic. (b) From Wikimedia Commons.
FIGURE 6.2 Distribution of Forest Types, 90 Million Years Ago. Warm rain forest existed at high
latitudes in the warm climate of this period. Global mean temperature was much warmer at this
time than at present (see inset). Adapted from Bush, M. B. and Flenley, J. R., 2007. Tropical
Rainforest Response to Climate Change . Springer- Praxis.
FIGURE 6.3 Distribution of Warm Rain Forest and Warm Seasonal Forest 55 Million Years Ago,
Near the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum (inset). Adapted from Bush, M. B. and Flenley, J. R.,
2007. Tropical Rainforest Response to Climate Change . Springer-Praxis.
FIGURE 6.4 Distribution of Warm Rain Forest and Warm Seasonal Forest 30 Million Years Ago, Just
After the Global Cooling Associated with the Formation of Antarctic Ice Sheets (inset). Adapted from
Bush, M. B. and Flenley, J. R., 2007. Tropical Rainforest Response to Climate Change . SpringerPraxis.
FIGURE 6.5 Distribution of Warm Rain Forest and Warm Seasonal Forest 15 Million Years Ago.
Adapted from Bush, M. B. and Flenley, J. R., 2007. Tropical Rainforest Response to Climate Change
. Springer-Praxis.
FIGURE 6.6 Present Distribution of Warm Rain Forest and Warm Seasonal Forest.
Adapted from Bush, M. B. and Flenley, J. R., 2007. Tropical Rainforest Response to Climate
Change . Springer-Praxis.
FIGURE 6.7 Present and Last Glacial Maximum Vegetation Formations and Biomes. Pollen analysis can
be used to assign vegetation formations and biomes for past climates. The top panel shows vegetation
formations and biomes inferred from analysis of current pollen rain. The middle panel shows the actual
current vegetation formations and biomes. The bottom panel shows vegetation formations and biomes for
the Last Glacial Maximum, inferred from pollen data. From Jackson, S. T., et al., 2000. Vegetation and
environment in Eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews 19,
489 – 508.
FIGURE 6.8 Drilling a Pollen Core from a Lake Bed. Paleoecologist Nicole Sublette lowers
a coring device to a lake fl oor in the Peruvian Andes with help from Eric Mosblech, a
teacher volunteer participating in a fi eld expedition as a means to improve high school
curriculum development. Courtesy of Mark Bush, Eric Mosblech, and Nicole Sublette.
FIGURE 6.9 Macrofossil and Pollen Records Near the Laurentide Ice Sheet.
Trace pollen amounts interpreted as wind-blown input from distant forests in many
studies may actually represent pollen micropockets near the ice sheet. Macrofossil
records indicate the presence of forest trees near the ice sheet even in times for which
little pollen has been recorded from these locations . Jackson, S. T., et al. 1997.
Mapped plant-macrofossil and pollen records of late quaternary vegetation change in
eastern North America. Quaternary Science Reviews 16, 1 – 70.
FIGURE 6.10 Younger Dryas Temperature Fluctuation.
The Younger Dryas is a millennial-scale cool period (shaded area) initiated
by a rapid cooling and ended by rapid warming. Source: Redrawn from
Alley, 2007.
FIGURE 6.11 Dryas Octopetala , Known Commonly as
Mountain Avens or White Dryas. From Wikimedia
Commons.
FIGURE 6.12 Greenland Ice Core.
Courtesy of NASA/JSC.
FIGURE 6.13 Vegetation Change in Tropical Southeast Asia.
Vegetation types (horizontal bars) and limits (vertical bands) inferred from pollen
analyses for sites in Southeast Asia. From Flenley, J. R. 1998. Tropical forests under
the climates of the last 30,000 years.
Climatic Change 39, 177 – 197.
FIGURE 6.14 48,000 Years of Change in the Tropical Andes.
Paleotemperature and paleoelevation inferred from pollen spectra from Lago Consuelo, Peru.
Color indicates the probability that a sample came from that elevation or temperature (blue, low;
orange, high). Note that time runs right to left in this fi gure. Reproduced with permission from
AAAS.