Transcript 5/6
Restoration Ecology Fig 54.14 CB 54.17 Carbon cycle CO2 and other greenhouse gases keep heat from radiating back into space http://www.esr.org/outreach/climate_change/basics/basics.html Ecological Restoration and Global Climate Change J. Harris, R. Hobbs, E. Higgs, and J. Aronson Restoration Ecology Vol. 14, No. 2, pg. 170– 176 June 2006 Mismatches – an example • Great tit (relative of the chickadee) • Common in Europe • Studied in detail since the 1950’s by scientists at the Netherlands Institute of Ecology. Information: Grossman, D. 2003, Spring Forward, Scientific American, 85-91. http://www.sciencenewsforkids.org/articles/20030723/a106_1511.jpg • Tits lay eggs at the same time that they did in 1985 – mid-spring (~4/16 to 5/15) • Since ~1985 spring temperatures have risen about 2oC • Tits primary food is the winter moth caterpillar (below) • Caterpillar production is 2 weeks earlier in 2002 than in 1985 Grossman, D. 2003, Spring Forward, Scientific American, 85-91. Grossman, D. 2003, Spring Forward, Scientific American, 85-91. Restoring a disturbed ecosystem to historical conditions may not be valid as ecosystems change. It is increasingly likely that the next century will be characterized by shifts in global weather patterns and climate regimes. precipitation changes The past is no longer a prescriptive guide for what might happen in the future. precipitation changes What are the two most basic resources necessary for biodiversity? Restoring ecosystems must begin with the basics: water and space Truckee River, Nevada- Water diversions reduced flow. Increased flows during willow and cottonwood seed release season allowed recovery of riparian ecosystem. Kissimmee River, Florida- Had been turned into a 90 km canal. About 24 km of the river has been restored. Rhine River, Europe- dredging for ships reduced biodiversity. Side channels are being reintroduced to allow species to recover. Fig 54.13 Water cycle Stream restoration in urban catchments through redesigning stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream C. Walsh, T. Fletcher, and A. Ladson J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2005, 24(3):690–705 This urban waterways is obviously altered. Restoration of streams degraded by urbanization has usually been attempted by enhancement of instream habitat or riparian zones. Without sufficient and natural water flow, waterways cannot support much biodiversity. Impervious cover changes urban water flows. Stream restoration in urban catchments through redesigning stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream (C. Walsh, T. Fletcher, and A. Ladson) J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2005, 24(3):690–705 The direct connection of impervious surfaces to streams means that even small rainfall events can produce sufficient surface runoff to cause a disturbance. Where impervious surfaces are not directly connected to streams, small rainfall events are intercepted and infiltrated. http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm A wet retention pond to filter pollutants and buffer and maintain stream flow http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Roadside swales can increase water filtration http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Inlet screens for filtering large debris http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Baffle boxes to remove sediment http://www.brevstorm.org/watershed.cfm Stream restoration in urban catchments through redesigning stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream (C. Walsh, T. Fletcher, and A. Ladson) J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2005, 24(3):690–705 Stream restoration in urban catchments through redesigning stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream (C. Walsh, T. Fletcher, and A. Ladson) J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2005, 24(3):690–705 Stream restoration in urban catchments through redesigning stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream (C. Walsh, T. Fletcher, and A. Ladson) J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2005, 24(3):690–705 Stream restoration in urban catchments through redesigning stormwater systems: looking to the catchment to save the stream (C. Walsh, T. Fletcher, and A. Ladson) J. N. Am. Benthol. Soc., 2005, 24(3):690–705 Restoration of streams degraded by urbanization has usually been attempted by enhancement of instream habitat or riparian zones. The use of alternative drainage methods, which maintain a near-natural frequency of surface runoff from the catchment, is the best approach to stream restoration in urban areas. Next (and last): Emergent Properties...