Transcript Global Climate Change

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Climate Change
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What is climate change?

Weather changes all times.
 Climate naturally is stable but
human activities cause climate
change rapidly.
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What is major cause of
climate change?

CO2 is one of greenhouse gas
caused by human activities.
 CO2 traps solar heat in the
atmosphere then air temperature
is increased.
 Global warming increased about
0.3-0.6OC during 1860-1994.
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Human activities
v.s. climate change

Major contributors: (80-85% of
CO2 being added to atmosphere
• Coal, oil and natural gas through
combustion and release CO2
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 Modest
contributors:
• Deforestation: CO2 is released
by wood burning
• CO2 from deforestation in
tropical regions are
responsible for 15-20% of CO2
emission.
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• Paddy rice field, landfills
produce methane and other
greenhouse gas which
causes about 30% of
warming
• Fertiliser and other
chemicals release N2O cause
about 10% of warming
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
Not significant causes of climate
change:
• Aerosol spray cans (cause the
loss of ozone layer)
• nuclear power (no CO2
emission but high
environmental risk of
catastrophic accidents)
• the space programme
• toxic waste
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What are effects of climate
change?

Example of changes:
• The amount of pattern of rain
and snow
• the length of growing season
• the frequency and severity of
storm
• The change of sea level rise
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What are feedbacks of
climate change?

CO2 acts as fertilizer
• to make plants grow faster and
result in negative feedback to
slowing the rate of warming.

Earth warms causes snow and ice
to melt.
• The ground is exposed with the
sunlight and absorbed by the earth
so it results positive feedback.
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How much warming will
there be?

IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel
on Climate Change) has
projected further increase in
global surface temperature of 13.5 oC by the year 2100 as
compared with 1990.
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IPCC Projection: (Oct 2001)

CO2 concentration in 2100 of
540-970 ppm.
 An increase in globally averaged
surface temperature of 1.4-5.8oC.
 An increase in sea level of 0.090.88m.
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Can you suggest the
solutions for CO2 emission
reduction in Thailand?
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Impacts of climate change
to Tropical Asia:

Ecosytems:
 Water resources:
 Food and fiber production:
 Coastal systems:
 Human health:
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Ecosystems:


Changes in the distribution and
health of rainforest and drier
monsoon forest will be complex.
In Thailand, the area of tropical forest
could increase from 45% to 80% of
total forest cover (prediction ???)
and in Sri Lanka will increase in dry
forest and decrease in wet forest.
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Water resources:

The Himalayas are expected to result
in increased recession of glaciers
and increasing danger from glacial
lake outburst floods caused by
increased temperature and
precipitation.
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Food and fiber production:

Climate change impacts could result
in significant changes in
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crop yield
production
storage
distribution
The net effect of changes in
regionwide is uncertain.
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Coastal systems:

Sea-level rise is the climate-related
impact on large delta regions such
as:
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•
Bangladesh
Myanmar
Vietnam
Thailand
Indonesia
Philippines
Malaysia
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Human health:


Some vector-borne diseases are
expected to increase in Tropical Asia
with global warming.
Epidemic potential of
• Malaria (increase 12-27%)
• Schistosomiasis (decrease 11-17%)
• Dengue (increase 31-47%)
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What can be done about
climate change?

To control the future emission of
CO2 and other greenhouse gases
 To reduce emission from baseline
of 1990
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
To reduce energy consumption
with improving energy efficiency
 To search new energy source as
renewable or clean energy
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Abatement options
 Consider
3 kinds of options:
• 1. Improved energy efficiency
• 2. Use of cleaner energy
• 3. Changes in agriculture and
forestry
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1. Improved energy
efficiency:

Reduced energy use in building
as eco-design to save energy
 Improved fuel efficiency of new
cars: by increased average
mileage
 Make appliances more efficient:
refrigerators, dishwasher, etc are
used new technology to save
energy
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Example of energy safe:

Lighting
• Incandescent lamps have been
replaced by compact fluorescent
lamps.
• This compact (18 watt) can save over
its lifetime:
• 1 tonne of CO2 , 4kg of SO2, 1kg of
N2O from coal-fired plant
• 200 litres of oil fed into an oil-fired
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
Energy-save house (Eco-design)
• Traditional Thai house
• save energy and appropriate
with tropical climate
• Eco-design house
• modern house with energy saveconcept
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
Office equipment:
• Computers
• Desktop computer and screen
use electricity at a rate of 150
watts which compares to
portable computer use at 1.5
watts.
• Printers
• Ink-jet printers and fax machines
use only 1-2% as much
electricity as laser printers.
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2. Use of cleaner energy:

Switching to
• lower-carbon or carbon-free
energy
• renewable energy (solar energy,
wind energy, biomass energy)
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Example of clean energy:

Solar energy
 Wind energy
 Thermal energy
 Biomass energy
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3. Change in agriculture and
forestry:

Rice paddy field
• to provide new technique to
minimise CO2 emission

Livestock
• feed improvement and manure
management in order to reduce
CH4 emission
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 Forestry
• to protect existing forest and
enhance to increase forest area
• to preserve forest as carbon sink
• to manage forest products as longlife materials
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How can human solve this
problem?

UNFCCC (United Nations
Framework Convention on
Climate Change) in 1992
• Responding to concern that human
activities are increasing ‘GHGs’
concentration in the atmosphere.
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
Kyoto Protocol is one protocol to
UNFCCC to reduce GHGs
emission by harnessing the
force of the global marketplace
to protect environment.
• A central feature of protocol is a
set of binding emission targets for
developed countries based on
1990 baselines.
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Thailand ratified on UNFCC
in 1994:

Office of Environmental Policy
and Planning (OEPP), MoSTE has
also signed the Kyoto Protocol in
1999 but has yet to ratify it.
 Thailand participated in COP7
(7th Conference of the Parties) to
make decision for Kyoto Protocol
ratification in 2001??.
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Emission targets (20082012)
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European Union
USA
Japan, Canada
Eastern European
countries
Annex A
Average reduction
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8% below 1990 levels
7% “
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6%
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5-8%
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5%
5.2%
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Is it possible to reduce
CO2 emission without US.
Cooperation and
commitment?
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