Transcript National Circumstances

Brazil’s National Communication
Presentation of Brazil’s Initial
Communication to the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate
Change
Brazilian Delegation
Ministry of Science and Technology
COP 10 - Buenos Aires
2004
Guidelines for the Preparation of Initial
Communications by Parties Not Included in
Annex I to the Convention
National Circumstances
Annex to Decision 10/CP.2
• Basic information on the country
• Institutional Arrangements
• Specific needs and concerns arising from the adverse
effects of climate change and/or the implementation of
response measures
• Inventory of Anthropogenic Emissions and Removals of
Greenhouse Gases Not Controlled by the Montreal Protocol base year 1994.
• Description of Steps Taken or Envisaged to Implement the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change up to year 2000.

Development Process
• Central Coordination – Ministry of Science and Technology MCT – August 1994
• Challenge: Low Level of Awareness
• Implementing Entities – 1995/2004
• Governmental Agencies
• Public and Private Companies
• Universities/ Research Centers
• Industry Associations/ Non-governmental organizations
• Consultants
• Criteria: efficiency; cost/benefit; decentralization; better
capacity-building.
• Financing: GEF, USCS, Federal Budget (2000/2004),
ELETROBRAS, IBAMA and FAPESP
• 150 entities and 700 experts involved
Review Process
• Inventory – Quality control from direct consultation
MCT/authors.
• Description of Steps – Review according to the
International Panel on Climate Change - IPCC model
by authors and experts in the various programs and
actions (140 reviewers).
• Availability
on
the
Internet
website
http://www.mct.gov.br/clima.
• Comments and permanent review open to the
public.
Brazil’s National Communication
National Circumstances
National Circumstances
• Area of 8,514,876.6 km2.
• Five political-administrative regions, divided into 26 states and
the Federal District.
• Harbors 1/3 of Earth’s tropical forests and the Cerrado
(savanna), one of the largest phytoecological regions in the
world.
• Population in 1994 - 156,755,320 inhabitants.
• Population in 2000 - 169,799,170 inhabitants.
• Per capita GDP in 1994 - US$ 3,464.11.
• Per capita GDP in 2000 - US$ 3,492.63.
National Circumstances
• Despite presenting improved social indicators in the past few
years, Brazil still has a long way to go.
• A significant fraction of the Brazilian population is povertystricken
• 22 million inhabitants live in absolute poverty,
according to IPEA (Institute for Applied Economic
Research) data in 2000.
• Wide social and regional disparities.
Demographic Density in Brazil
Inhabitants per Km2
National Communication
Inventory of Anthropogenic
Emissions and Removals of
Greenhouse Gases Not
Controlled by the Montreal
Protocol
CO2 Emissions
1990
Energy
21%
Industrial
Processes
2%
LUCF
77%
Total 1990
979 Tg CO2
Total 1994
1030 Tg CO2
1994
Energy
23%
Industrial
Processes
2%
Variation 1990-1994
5%
LUCF
75%
CH4 Emissions
LUCF
13%
Waste
6%
Energy
4%
1990
Total 1990
12,299 Gg CH4
Agriculture
77%
LUCF
14%
Waste
6%
Energy
3%
1994
Total 1994
13,173 Gg CH4
Variation 1990 - 1994
7%
Agriculture
77%
N2O Emissions
1990
LUCF
2%
WASTE ENERGY IND.
2%
2%
2%
Total 1990
490 Gg N2O
AGRIC.
92%
Total 1994
1994
WASTE
LUCF 2%
2%
550 Gg N2O
ENERGY
IND.
2%
2%
Variation 1990 - 1994
12 %
AGRIC.
92%
CO2 Emissions - 1994
Fuel Combustion
Industry
7%
Fuel Combustion
Transport
9%
Fuel Combustion
Other Setors
6%
Fugitive
Emissions
1%
Industrial
Processes
2%
Land-Use Change
and Forestry
75%
RADAM Samples
6
4
2
0
-75
-70
-65
-60
-55
-50
-45
latitude
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
longitude
CO2 Emissions and Removals
1990
1994
Share 1994
Var. 90/94
(Tg)
(Tg)
(%)
(%)
979
1030
100.0
5
203
237
23.0
16
198
231
22.5
17
Energy Sector
23
26
2.5
12
Manufacturing Industries
61
74
7.2
21
Iron and Steel
29
38
3.7
32
Other Industries
33
36
3.5
11
82
94
9.2
15
Road
71
83
8.1
17
Other Transportation
11
11
1.1
1
Residential Sector
14
15
1.5
10
Agriculture
10
13
1.2
25
Other Sectors
8
10
0.9
21
Fugitive Emissions
5
5
0.5
-
Coal Mining
2
1
0.1
- 18
Oil and Natural Gas
4
4
0.4
0
17
17
1.6
-
0
10
9
0.9
-
9
Lime Production
4
4
0.4
11
Other Industries
3
3
0.3
13
758
776
75.4
2
Change in Forest and Other Woody Biomass Stocks
-45
-47
4.6
4
Forest and Grassland Conversion
882
952
92.4
8
Abandonment of Managed Lands
-189
-204
- 19.8
8
110
76
7.3
- 31
TOTAL
ENERGY
Fossil Fuel Combustion
Transport Sector
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Cement Production
LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
Emissions and Removals from Soils
-
5
CH4 Emissions - 1994
Agriculture
Residues
1%
Rice
Cultivation
2%
Manure
Management
3%
Enteric Fermentation
Other Animals
3%
Land-Use Change
and Forestry
14%
Waste
6%
Fuel
Combustion Fugitive
2%
Emissions
1%
Enteric Fermentation
Cattle
68%
Distribution of Cattle on Brazilian Territory
From 0 to less than 10,100 cattle heads
From 10,000 to less than 25,181 cattle heads
From 25,181 to less than 68,944 cattle heads
From 68,944 or more cattle heads
Source: IBGE, 1996a.
CH4 Emissions
1990
1994
Share 1994
Variation 90/94
Gg
Gg
%
%
12299
13173
100.0
439
401
3.0
-
332
293
2.2
- 12
Fugitive Emissions
107
108
0.8
1
Coal Mining
59
53
0.4
- 10
Oil and Natural Gas
47
54
0.4
15
3
3
0.0
8
9506
10161
77.1
7
8807
9377
71.2
6
8391
8962
68.0
7
Dairy
1200
1257
9.5
5
Non-Dairy
7191
7705
58.5
7
Other Animals
416
415
3.2
Manure Management
338
368
2.8
9
242
259
2.0
7
96
109
0.8
14
Rice Cultivation
240
283
2.1
18
Field Burning of Agriculture Residues
121
133
1.0
10
1615
1805
13.7
12
1615
1805
13.7
12
737
803
6.1
9
Solid Waste Disposal on Land
618
677
5.1
10
Wastewater Handling
119
126
1.0
6
TOTAL
ENERGY
Fuel Combustion
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (Chemical Industry)
AGRICULTURE
Enteric Fermentation
Cattle
Cattle
Other Animals
LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
Forest and Grassland Conversion
WASTE
7
9
-
N2O Emissions - 1994
Waste
2%
Manure Management
Animal Waste
6%
LUCF
2%
Industrial Processes
2%
Energy
2%
Synthetic Fertilizer
4%
Biological Fixation
5%
Agricultural Residues
9%
Indirect Emissions
from Soils
24%
Organic Soils
4%
Grazing Animals
40%
N2O Emissions
1990
1994
Share 1994
Variation 90/94
Gg
Gg
%
%
490
550
100.0
12
8
9
1.6
11
Manufacturing Industries
3
4
0.7
14
Other Sectors
5
5
0.9
9
8
14
2.5
61
Nitric Acid Production
0
1
0.1
38
Adipic Acid Production
8
13
2.4
63
451
503
91.5
12
19
20
3.7
7
13
13
2.4
5
Other Animals
6
7
1.2
11
Agricultural Soils
426
476
86.6
12
Synthetic Fertilizers
14
21
3.8
51
Animal Waste Fertilizer
12
13
2.4
12
Biological Fixation
21
26
4.8
25
Agricultural Residues
36
43
7.8
19
Organic Soils
16
23
4.1
38
Grazing Animals
207
219
39.7
6
Indirect Emissions
120
132
24.0
10
Field Burning of Agricultural Residues
6
7
1.2
9
LAND-USE CHANGE AND FORESTRY
11
12
2.3
12
11
12
2.3
12
12
12
2.2
6
TOTAL
ENERGY (Fuel Combustion)
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES (Chemical Industry)
AGRICULTURE
Manure Management
Cattle
Forest and Grassland Conversion
WASTE (Domestic and Commercial Wastewater)
Brazil’s National Communication
Description of Steps Taken or
Envisaged to Implement the
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate
Change in Brazil
Chapter 1 - Programs and Activities Related to
Sustainable Development
• The National Alcohol Program.
• Energy Conservation Programs.
• Contribution of Hydroelectric Generation
Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
to
the
• New Sources of Renewable Energy (Co-generation
included).
• Brazilian Biofuels Program - Probiodiesel.
Evolution of Ethanol Production – 1970 to 2000
18000
16000
14000
Hidratado
12000
Anidro
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
Source: National Energy Balance - BEN, 1986/1990/2001
Production of Light Vehicles
2000000
1800000
1600000
1400000
1200000
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
Source: National Association of Automotive Vehicle Manufacturers, 2001.
Alcohol
Gasoline
Chapter 2 - Programs and Activities Containing
Measures that Contribute to Addressing Climate
Change and Its Adverse Effects
• The Brazilian Electrical Sector.
• Prospects for Natural Gas in Brazil and its Role in
Reducing Growth of Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
• Petrobras Programs to Improve Utilization of Natural
Gas in the Campos Basin.
Electrical Supply by Source and End Use
Consumption
Source
Total Generation*
Hydroelectric
Generation
Thermal Generation
Nuclear
Coal
Natural Gas
Oil
Others
Net Imports
Gross Supply of Electricity
Losses, Distribution and Storage
End Use Consumption
1970
45.7
39.8
1980
139.3
128.9
1990
222.8
206.7
1999
332.3
292.9
2000
347.7
307.6
5.9
10.4
1.4
2.6
3.7
0.8
5.2
2.6
-0.2
139.1
16.4
122.7
16.1
2.2
2.8
0.7
5.4
5.0
26.5
249.4
31.7
217.7
39.4
4.0
7.4
2.0
16.0
10.0
39.9
372.2
57.5
314.7
40.1
5.0
6.4
3.8
14.1
10.8
42.4
390.1
58.5
331.6
45.7
6.1
39.6
Source: MME, 2001, except disaggregation for thermal generation in 2000 (normalized based
on e&e Economia e Energia).
* Includes generating stations connected to the grid and self-generators.
Chap.3 - Research and Systematic Observation
• Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in
Amazonia - LBA.
• Pilot Program for the Protection of Tropical Forests of
Brazil - PPG7 and Climate Change.
•The Pilot Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic
Program.
• Regional Climate Change Models.
Chapter 4 - Education, Training and Public
Awareness
• Environmental Education Programs.
• Education Programs in Electricity Conservation and
Rational Use of Oil and Natural Gas Products.
• Raising Awareness of Climate Change Issues in Brazil.
• Publication of the Climate Change Convention
and the Kyoto Protocol in Portuguese.
• Creation of the Brazilian climate change site
http://www.mct.gov.br/clima - available in four
languages - Portuguese, English, Spanish and
French.
Chapter 5 - Effects of Global Climate Change on
Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems
• Coastal Zone.
• Coral Bleaching.
• Health.
• Electrical Sector.
• Agriculture.
Length of coastline by occupation density - PLC
Occupation Density (inhabitants/km)
Year
Total
< 1,000 1,000-5,000 5,000-10,000 > 10,000
Length (km)
3,824
2.683
385
560
7,452
51.3
36.0
5.2
7.5
100
3,328
2,867
512
745
7,452
44.7
38.5
6.9
10.0
100
1980
Percentage (%)
Length (km)
1991
Percentage (%)
Coral Bleaching
• In Abrolhos (off-shore archipelago in the State of
Bahia), two bleaching events connect the
phenomenon to an increase in the temperature of
surface waters:
the first during a temperature anomaly in the
summer of 1994, when 51 to 88% of the
communities of the genus Mussismilia were
affected;
 the second related to the strong El Niño event
that began at the end of 1997 in the Pacific
ocean and also caused an increase in water
temperature along the coast.
During the Abrolhos event it was observed that 10 to 90% of the
communities of around 9 coral species were partially or totally bleached.
Health
• Extreme climatic events
droughts) have significant
impacts, through causing a
diseases or by claiming
accidents.
(storms, floods,
collective health
rise in infectious
victims through
• Brazil, because of its geographic location and size, is subject
to significant climatic variations, which lead to environmental
changes, which favor the emergence of endemic infectious
diseases that are sensitive to climate, such as malaria,
dengue, cholera, leishmaniosis (tegumentary leishmaniosis
and visceral leishmaniosis), leptospirosis, hantavirus.
Chapter 6 - Creation of National and Regional
Capacity
• Interamerican Institute for Global Change Research IAI.
• Intergovernamental Panel on Climate Change - IPCC.
• Center for Weather Forecasts and Climate Studies CPTEC /INPE.
Chapter 7 - Integration of Climate Change Issues
in Medium and Long Term Planning
• PROCONVE - Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Program.
• Measures to Combat Deforestation in the Amazonian
Region.
• Project for Gross Deforestation Assessment in the Brazilian
Legal Amazonia - PRODES.
• The National System of Conservation Units - SNUC.
• Prevention of Fires and Burning (PREVFOGO, PROARCO,
etc.).
PROCONVE
Average Emission Factors for New Light Passenger Cars
YEAR/
MODEL
Pre-1980
1980-83
1984-85
1986-87
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
FUEL
Gasoline
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
Gasoline
Ethanol
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
CO
HC
54
33
18
28
16.9
22
16
18.5
13.3
15.2
12.8
13.3
10.8
11.5
8.4
6.2
3.6
6.3
4.2
6
4.6
4.7
4.6
3.8
3.9
1.2
0.9
0.79
0.67
0.74
0.6
0.73
0.63
4.7
3
1.6
2.4
1.6
2
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.1
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.14
0.19
0.14
0.17
0.13
0.18
NOx
(g/km)
1.2
1.4
1
1.6
1.2
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.3
1
0.6
0.5
0.8
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.5
0.7
0.3
0.3
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21
0.21
POLLUTANT*
CHO
Evaporative Emissions
from Fuel
(g/test)
0.05
Na
0.05
Na
0.16
Na
0.05
23
0.18
10
0.04
23
0.11
10
0.04
23
0.11
10
0.04
23
0.11
10
0.04
2.7
0.11
1.8
0.04
2.7
0.11
1.8
0.013
2
0.035
0.9
0.022
1.7
0.040
1.1
0.036
1.6
0.042
0.9
0.025
1.6
0.042
0.9
0.019
1.2
0.040
0.8
0.007
1
0.0012
1.1
0.004
0.81
0.0014
1.33
0.004
0.79
0.013
1.64
0.004
0.73
0.014
1.35
Source: CETESB, 2001.
*Weighted averages for each model-year by volume of production
na - not available.
Gasoline C - 78% gasoline plus 22% anhydrous alcohol (v/v)
RCHO - formaldehyde+acetylide
PRODES
Deforestation observed in 1999
National System of Conservation Units - SNUC
• Adding indigenous lands to federal and state
conservation units, the percentage of protected areas,
including the different degrees of protection, reached
20.78% of the Brazilian territory in 2000, with around
94% of this land concentrated in the Legal Amazonia
Region (IBAMA).
Climate change Website in Brazil http://www.mct.gov.br/clima