Transcript Cities at Risk

Cities at Risk:
Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Megacities
Governance Challenges
and Opportunities
David Dodman and David Satterthwaite
[[email protected] / [email protected]]
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)
Governance Challenges and Opportunities
Outline
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impacts of climate change and distribution of
vulnerability
the roles and responsibilities of urban
authorities
the role of urban authorities in climate change
adaptation
specific governance interventions for
adaptation
supporting effective urban governance
governance for mitigation
Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:
Changes in Means
Change
Urban impacts
Temperature
Increased energy demand for heating / cooling;
worsening of air quality
Precipitation
Increased risk of flooding; increased risk of
landslides; distress migration
Sea-level rise
Coastal flooding; salinisation of water sources
Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:
Changes in Extremes
Change
Urban impacts
Extreme rainfall /
tropical cyclones
More intense flooding; higher risk of landslides;
disruption to livelihoods and city economies
Drought
Water shortages; higher food prices; disruption of
hydro-electricity
Heat- or cold-waves
Short-term changes in energy demand
Abrupt climate change
Rapid and extreme sea-level rise / Rapid and
extreme temperature change
Climate Change Impacts in Urban Areas:
Changes in Exposure
Change
Urban impacts
Population movements
Movements from stressed rural habitats
Biological changes
Extended vector habitats (malaria, dengue, etc)
The Distribution of Vulnerability
People most at risk from
climate change are those
who are:
• least able to avoid the
direct or indirect impacts
• likely to be most affected
• least able to cope with
the illness, injury,
premature death or loss of
income, livelihood or
assets caused by climate
change impacts
Mandaue City, Philippines
Roles and Responsibilities of Local
Authorities
• Finance
• Engineering/Public works
• Development planning and development control
• Environmental health
• Public health
• Social/community/safety services
• Emergency services
• Administration
How does the quality of government influence
levels of climate change risk for the urban poor?
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quality of provision for infrastructure
quality of provision for disaster-preparedness
quality of disaster preparedness
quality of disaster response
extent to which poorer groups can buy, build
or rent ‘safe’ housing in ‘safe’ sites
degree to which local government creates an
enabling environment for local civil-society
action
Urban authorities and disaster risk
Built Environment
Long term Pre-disaster
protection damage
limitation
Immediate
postdisaster
response
Rebuilding
Building codes
High
High*
High
Land use regulations and
property registration
High
Some
High
Public building construction
and maintenance
High
Some
High
Urban planning
(including zoning and
development controls)
High
* It is important that these do not inhibit rapid responses
High*
High
Urban authorities and disaster risk
Infrastructure
Long term Pre-disaster
protection damage
limitation
Immediate
postdisaster
response
Rebuilding
Piped water
(including treatment)
High
Some
High
High
Sanitation
High
Some
High
High
Drainage
High
High*
High
High
Roads, bridges, pavements
High
High
High
Electricity
High
Some?
High
High
Solid waste disposal
High
Some?
Waste water treatment
High
* Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated
High
High
Urban authorities and disaster risk
Services
Long term Pre-disaster
protection damage
limitation
Immediate
postdisaster
response
Rebuilding
Fire protection
High
Some
High
High
Public order / policing
Medium
High
High
High
Solid waste collection
High
High*
High
High
Schools
Medium
Medium
High
High
Health care / public health
Medium
Medium
High
High
Public transport
Medium
High
High
High
Social welfare
Medium
High
High
High
High
High
Disaster response
* Particularly important prior to extreme rainfall – which is often anticipated
Key Messages for Urban Authorities
There are large
overlaps between most
of the measures
needed now for local
development and those
required for adaptation.
There are large
overlaps between
climate-change
adaptation and building
resilience to extreme
weather and disasters.
Dhaka, Bangladesh
Urban Adaptation: Strategic Actions
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Identify current conditions and vulnerability
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Adjust existing, conventional city
development plans and strategies
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Adjust the planning and regulatory
framework to support adaptation by
households, community organizations, NGOs
and the private sector
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Respond to bottom-up pressures and support
community capacities
Strategic Actions for Adaptation
Durban, South Africa
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‘Climate Future for Durban’ programme including
‘Headline Climate Change Adaptation Strategy’
increasing water-absorbing capacity of urban landscape
improving urban drainage and storm-sewer design
increasing height of natural shoreline stabilization
measures
utilizing storm-water retention / detention ponds and
constructed wetlands
land-use planning and zoning to avoid locating
structures in risky areas
working with industry to reduce water demand
Source: Mukheibir P, Ziervogel G (2007). ‘Developing a
Municipal Adaptation Plan for climate change: the city of
Cape Town’ Environment and Urbanization 19(1): 143-158.
Strategic Actions for Adaptation
Cape Town, South Africa
Supporting Effective Urban Governance
National
Governments
Donors
Funding
Financial and
Legal Frameworks
Physical Pressures
(Climate Change)
Local
Authorities
Demographic Pressures
(Urbanization)
Citizen Pressure
and Accountability
Urban
Residents
Source: Dodman D (2009). ‘Blaming cities for climate change?
An analysis of urban greenhouse gas emissions inventories’
Environment and Urbanization 21(1).
Governance for Mitigation
Cities at Risk:
Building Adaptive Capacity For Managing Climate Change in Asia’s Coastal Megacities
Governance Challenges
and Opportunities
David Dodman and David Satterthwaite
[[email protected] / [email protected]]
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED)