Transcript AQA Area of Study 1 Rhythm_and_Metre_PPTx

Area of Study 01:
Rhythm and Metre
AQA GCSE Music
Areas of Study
• AoS 01: Rhythm and Metre
• AoS 02: Harmony and Tonality
• A0S 03: Texture and Melody
• AoS 04: Dynamics and Timbre
• AoS 05: Structure and Form
Rhythm and Metre
This is all about beats, timing and sound
patterns
• Metre – This is a regular pattern of beats in
every bar, indicated by a time signature
• Rhythm – is the way different lengths of sound
are combined to produce patterns in time.
Pulse
• The pulse is the beat of the music. It is what
you tap your feet to.
• Although the music may have rhythms made
up of different lengths of notes, the pulse or
beat will be steady.
Track 01
Listen to the start of this track
1. Tap the pulse
2. Can you describe what other ‘rhythms’ are present around the pulse?
Rhythm - Back to Basics
= 4 beats
Semibreve
= 1 beat
Crotchet
= 2 beats
Minim
= ½ beat
Quaver
or
2 Quavers
Dotted Notes
• Adds half as much again to the length of the
note
= 1 beat
Add a Dot
Dotted Crotchet
Crotchet
= 2 beats
Minim
= 1 ½ beats
Add a Dot
= 3 beats
Dotted Minim
Time Signatures
• This shows us how many beats there are in a
bar
TOP NUMBER – tells you how many
beats there are in a bar
BOTTOM NUMBER – tells you how
long each beat is worth
Time Signatures –
The bottom number
2
2
3
4
6
8
A 2 at the bottom means
each beat is worth 1 minim
A 4 at the bottom means
each beat is worth 1 crotchet
An 8 at the bottom means
each beat is worth 1 quaver
Time Signatures cont.
4x
Beats every bar
Main beat of the bar
Simple Time
• Examples of Simple Time Signatures are;
2
4
3
4
4
4
Compound Time
• Compound time signature have 6, 9 or 12 as their
top number
• 6/8 Time signature has a feeling of 2 & 3
• Music in these time signatures feel as though
they have a main beat, which divide into 3.
Main Beat
Main Beat
Main Beat
Main Beat
Main Beat
Regular and Irregular
• Regular Time Signatures are when the beats in
a bar can be grouped e.g.
– 2/4, 6/8 (2 beats per bar) DUPLE
– 3/4, 9/8 (3 beats per bar) TRIPLE
– 4/4, 12/8 (4 beats per bar) QUADRUPLE
• Irregular Time Signatures are when the beats
can not be grouped as above
– e.g 5/4 – 5 beats in a bar would have to be
grouped as a 2 and 3
Track 02
Listen to the Example:
The Time Signature is 5/4. It sounds like there is one group of 3 then one group of 2 (irregular)
Augmentation
• This is where a melody or series of notes is
repeated using notes of a longer duration.
• For example, a melody with the rhythm of:
Original
Notes are doubled in length
Augmentation
Diminution
• This is the opposite to Augmentation.
• The rhythm of the melody is half the length
Original
Diminution
Hemiola
• A Hemiola rhythm has a ‘three against two’
feel.
• For example, in this 3/4 rhythm there is a
hemiola in the last two bars, giving the
impression of three minim beats in the two
bars of 3/4 time.
Hemiola
Track 03
Triplet
• A triplet is 3 notes all of the same length
squeezed into the time of 2 notes
• Marked with a ‘3’ above or below the middle
of the three notes
Star Wars
Track 04
Cross-Rhythms
• These are when two different rhythms are
played together at the same time.
• Usually conflicting against each other
• Common in African Music
Polyrhythms
• When two or more rhythms are played at the
same time.
• The rhythms may have accents in different
places, but still feel as though they fit
together.
• Lots of African music is polyrhythmic
• Look at the example on the next slide.
Track 05
Polyrhythms
Bi-Rhythms
• Time signatures can be split up into different
patterns of beats.
• E.g. 3/4 can be divided into 3 groups of two
quavers or 2 groups of three quavers
01
02
Tempo
• Tempo simply refers to the speed of the music
• It can measured in 'beats per minute’ (bpm)
• E.g.
– Tempo:
= 120
120 crotchet beats every minute
• The speed can also be indicated by an Italian
word
Tempo – Italian words
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Presto = Very fast
Vivace = Fast and lively
Allegro = Fast, quickly and bright
Moderato = Moderately
Andante = Walking pace
Adagio = Slow
Largo = Very Slow
Rubato
• If this is written in the music, the performer is
able to make changes to the tempo.
• In response to the way the music makes them
feel, the performer may want to slow down or
speed up.
• It indicates there is no strict tempo
Drum fills
• Drum fills are normally used to build the
music up, or to change between sections i.e.
verse, chorus etc
• Mostly found in Popular music, like Rock, pop,
Jazz etc.
Track 06
Beatles – “She Loves You”
Notice how a drum fill
is used to open this
pop song.
Drum fills are used to
connect different
sections too.