Transcript Lecture 01.v1.8-26-1..

PHYS 1110
Energy in the 21st Century
Lecture 1 - Introduction
Professor Stephen T. Thornton
What are we going to learn in this course?
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What is energy?
Why is energy important?
How we obtain different kinds of energy.
What about climate change? Is it real?
And lots more…
How is this class going to operate?
Website:
http://people.virginia.edu/~stt/1110/Fall2012/home.htm
go through
Collab: go through
Homework: yes, not sure how much.
Midterm exams: yes
Paper or project: maybe
• An i>clicker remote is
required for this
course.
• You can purchase it
through the
bookstore.
How will we use the clicker?
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I ask questions on the screen
during lecture.
You answer using your
i>clicker remote.
Class results are tallied.
I display a graph with the
class results on the screen.
We discuss the questions and
answers.
You get points for
participating and/or
answering correctly!
How do you vote?
1. Turn on the clicker
by pressing the
bottom “On/Off”
button.
2. A blue “Power” light
will appear at the top
of the remote.
How do you vote?
3. When I ask a question in
class (and start the
timer), select A, B, C, D,
or E as your vote.
I may also ask you to talk
about your possible
choice/answer with your
neighbor or in groups.
How do you know your vote was received?
Check your “Vote Status” Light:
– Green light = your vote was sent
AND received.
– Red flashing light = you need to
vote again.
** Not sure you saw the light? Just
vote again.
** Want to change your vote? You can
vote again as long as the timer is
still going.
Registering your i>clicker
 Until you register your i>clicker,
your responses are tied to your
clicker remote ID (located on the
back of your clicker), rather than
to you.
 When you do register, your
previously recorded voting
responses will be assigned to
you.
Registering your i>clicker online at
www.iclicker.com
1. Go to www.iclicker.com.
2. Click “REGISTER.”
3. Enter these 4 details and
click “submit.”
IMPORTANT!!
You MUST enter your UVa
email username
(e.g. mdf5h)
ID in the STUDENT ID
field to ensure proper
crediting. You can
register more than once
with different student ID..
Other tips
 If you bought a used clicker, replace the AAA batteries-all of them.
• Do not use Duracell as they are TOO short for the
casing.
• Do not use rechargeable batteries. They harm the
clicker.
 Register your clicker as soon as possible.
 Before using a new clicker for the first time, pull the
plastic tab out of the battery compartment.
 Bring your clicker to class every day!
 Make sure your remote is on when voting!
 Do not let your clicker get wet – disaster!!
 Check out www.iclicker.com for FAQs.
 Contact [email protected] for help.
An Issue
Other classes are also using iClickers
nearby. Therefore, we will need to change
frequencies.
iClicker 1 (old one): Press and hold the On/Off
power button on the remote until the blue Power
light begins flashing. Then press BB. A green
Vote Status light on your remote will indicate that
you have successfully reset the remote frequency.
iClicker 2: Press and hold the On/Off power
button on the remote until the BB on the LCD
begins flashing.
Quiz:
How many years of high school or
college physics have you taken?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2
D) 3
E) 4
Quiz:
What is your major or leading choice
major?
A)College – humanities
B) College – social studies
C) College - science
D)College/Commerce
E) Other
What is energy?
We will learn in the first few chapters that energy is
the ability to do work. Energy comes in many forms
and is transferable.
Kinetic, thermal, light, chemical, potential, elastic,
atomic, nuclear …
The joule (J) is the unit of energy in the International
System of units.
1J = 0.239 cal = 107 erg = 2.78 x 10-7 kilowatt-hour
= 0.000948 BTU
1 quad = 1015 BTU = 1.055 x 1018 J
Why is energy important?
Imagine life without energy sources.
Storms: loss of electricity, water.
National security.
Economic prosperity.
Quality of life.
How do we obtain different kinds of energy?
This is the fun part of this course.
Hydro, solar, wind, fossil fuels (coal, oil,
natural gas), geothermal, tidal, wave,
nuclear…
Three Gorges Dam on Yangtze River in China.
Example of pumped storage water facility.
Example of passive solar heating. In summer, the overhang keeps
the sun from shining into the structure. Called Trombe wall.
Rooftop solar water heater in Greece.
Gemasolar power tower plant in Spain. Example of
Concentrated Solar Power. 2600 mirrors heat molten salt at top
of tower.
Photovoltaic solar panels being
installed on a roof top.
Area coal mining. Grass covering removed in 1. Overburden is
removed in 2. Coal is dug and loaded in 3. Land is reclaimed in 4 and 5.
Open pit, surface coal mining
Mountaintop removal technique of
coal mining – in West Virginia
Hydraulic
fracturing
Hydraulic fracturing video:
http://www.oerb.com/Default.a
spx?tabid=242 - man talking
http://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=kv3cQngRPmw – watered
down, woman talking
Physics explains why ocean breezes come in to
shore during the day and out to the ocean at night.
Off shore wind turbines take advantage of this.
Wind turbine farm
Geothermal heat pump energy exchanger
Wood tipper system to deliver waster wood to the Virginia
City Hybrid Energy Center in St. Paul, VA. This plant
burns biomass and coal and opened in 2012.
Concept of geothermal power plant
Tidal barrage power plant for the La Rance estuary in France
Ocean tidal turbine farm
Two basin tidal power plant design.
Oscillating water column device.
Ocean waves cause water to go up
and down.
300 kW power plant in Spain.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion or OTEC
North Anna Nuclear Power Plant
What about climate change? Is it real?
We will not take a position on climate change.
But most scientists believe climate change is
being caused by human intervention and that
burning fossil fuels is a major contribution.
Others are convinced that the changes are not
statistical and have occurred previously in
nature.
What are the challenges?
• The political and economic threat posed by the
world’s dependence on oil.
• Climate change.
• The lack of access by the world’s poor to the
modern energy services they need for
economic advancement.
How can we change things?
• Be more energy efficient. Could reduce
electricity need by 15% by 2020, 30% by 2030.
• Develop more renewable energy.
• Energy policy like tax credits, policy changes.
• Carbon capture and storage in order to use fossil
fuels.
• Revolutionary nuclear reactors that are simpler
and safer. They probably are already imagined.
Primary fuel sources for US in 2007 (left) delivered to economy on right.
Source: America’s Energy Future, National Academies, 2010.
Energy usage by the United States, Europe, and China from
1990-2040. (ExxonMobil 2012 The Outlook for Energy)
Global energy outlook and fuel BPOE (2012)
Energy Use in the United
States in 2008
Solar and wind energy did not even show up in 2008, < 1% in US.
By mid-2012 wind energy had grown to 50 GW (4.5%).
Solar is still way behind (~0.2%), but growing by 30% a year.
Wind and energy represent the greatest potential increase of
renewable energy.
There are 104 nuclear reactor power plants operating in the
United States, 4 in Virginia, which generates 38% of its power.
Growth of Fuel Inputs to World Power Generation
Estimates of Levelized Cost of Electricity for New Baseload and Intermittent
Sources for 2020. Dashed is actual 2007 price; shaded is range in 2007.
And then there is the transportation energy
problem.
The United States is committed to ethanol. It
has been growing for 25 years and is now a
political issue. US law requires us to use 10%
ethanol in our gas – 15% in some places.
Ethanol use is required to increase every year.
Biofuel generation has not worked, but there
are strides.
The electrical distribution system is a huge
problem. At least 10% of our electricity is
lost. It is a patchwork and archaic system.
Quiz:
Which of the following had the
greatest increase in the last few years
in the US?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Concentrated solar power
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower
Quiz:
Which of the following had the
greatest increase in the last few years
in the US?
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
Concentrated solar power
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Hydropower