Transcript FOGARTY PROGRAM

Milk: Not Nature's Perfect Food
John E. Lewis, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor
Director of Research-Center for Complementary and Integrative Medicine
Associate Director-Medical Wellness Center
University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
1120 NW 14th Street
Suite #1474 (D-21)
Phone: 305-243-6227
Fax: 305-243-3648
E-mail: [email protected]
What am I doing?
I have the following ongoing studies:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Glyconutrient supplement on Alzheimer’s disease and
Multiple Sclerosis
Food sensitivity testing/food elimination on diseasespecific symptoms in weight loss, diabetes,
headaches, and GI complaints
Gingko Biloba, grape seed and green tea extract, and
other micronutrients on cognition in healthy, elderly
adults
Aerobic and strengthening exercise training on
metabolic syndrome in HIV
Methylated vitamin B complex on depression
A polysaccharide (rice bran and Shiitake mushroom)
on immunological functioning
Why do we consume cow’s milk?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Culture
Necessity
Industry influence
Propaganda
Nutrition
No alternative
Levels of Determinants of Behavior
Individual
Family
Neighborhood
Community
Society
Dairy industry revenue for 2009
was $23,000,000,000!
You drink her milk…
But would you drink their milk?
What is wrong with consuming milk?
If you are:
1. not lactose intolerant
2. not allergic to one of the proteins
3. consuming low- or no-fat products
Then what is the problem?
Approximately 50 million Americans are lactose
intolerant (75% of Blacks and 90% of Asians).
Forty percent of the average American diet
consists of milk or dairy products.
The relationship between consuming
milk and chronic diseases…
Cow’s milk and dairy products consumption
enormously impacts
the GH, Insulin, and IGF-1 axis
which increases the risk of many chronic diseases of Western
societies
Melnik, B. (2009). Milk - The promoter of chronic western diseases. Medical Hypothesis, 72(6), 631-639.
Milk Constituents…
In addition, to water, various fatty acids,
proteins, lactose, vitamins, and minerals, cow's
milk contains 59 different pituitary, thyroid,
hypothalamic, pancreatic, parathyroid, adrenal,
sex, and GI hormones.
Grosvenor, C., Picciano, M., and Baumrucker, C. (1993). Hormones and growth factors in milk.
Endocr Rev, 14, 710-728.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1
IGF-1 is a hormone that we make in
the liver. IGF-1 stimulates systemic
body growth, has growth-promoting
effects on almost every cell in the
body, and can regulate cell
development and DNA
synthesis. IGF-1 contains
70 amino acids.
Caseins
Casein (α, β, and κ) comprises 80% of the
protein found in cow’s milk (the other main
protein is whey).
Caseins exist in large colloidal
particles called micelles
and they have a partially
unspecified composition because
of their flexibility, unlike most
proteins.
Casein Micelle
Casomorphins
β-Casomorphine-7
Casomorphins are peptides
that are naturally-occurring
products of cow's milk with
opiate-like activity.
β-Casomorphine-7 has been
shown to directly release
histamine.
Kurek, M., Przybilla, B., Hermann, K., and Ring. J. (1992). A naturally occurring opioid peptide from cow's milk,
beta-casomorphine-7, is a direct histamine releaser in man. Int Arch Allergy Immunol, 97(2), 115–120.
Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin
(rbST)
Approved by the FDA in 1993, rbST is produced with a geneticallyengineered E. coli and it enables cows to produce more milk.
Bovine growth hormone stimulates liver production of IGF-1, and
evidence suggests that rbST-treated cows produce milk with higher
levels of IGF-1?
However, FDA says rbST cows produce
the same milk as those not given rbST.
Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan
and most of Europe banned rbST milk
by 2000 or earlier (primarily because of
mastitis infection that is increased due
to rbST).
The problems with cow’s milk are
multiple and the scientific
literature is replete with articles
suggesting strong links between
the consumption of dairy food and
many chronic diseases.
Cardiovascular Disease
(The #1 Killer Worldwide!)
1.
Several epidemiological investigations have shown a
relationship between the intake of dairy products and
the mortality rate for cardiovascular disease and
increased serum cholesterol levels.
Joossens, J.V., Geboers, J., and Kesteloot, H. (1989). Nutrition and cardiovascular mortality in Belgium. Acta
Cardiol., 44, 157-182.
Solvoll, K., Selmer, R., Lken, E.B., Foss, O.P., and Trygg, K. (1989). Coffee, dietary habits and serum
cholesterol among men and women 35-49 years of age. Am. J. Epidemiol. , 129, 1277-1288.
Pietinen, P., Nissinen, A., Vartiainen, E., Tuomilehto, A., Uusitalo, U., Ketola, A., Moisio, S., and Puska, P.
(1988). Dietary changes in the north Karelia Project (1972-1982) . Prev. Med., 17, 183-193.
2.
Dairy intake was linearly related to rates of obesity
and levels of total and LDL cholesterol.
Maruyama, C., Tsushima, M., Nakamori, T., Hiratsuka, K., Senda, Y., Senda, R., Maruyama, T., Fukushima, S.,
and Kawamura, A. (1990). Relationship between habitual milk intake and serum lipids and apoproteins in
males. J Clin Biochem Nutr., 9:61-66.
Cardiovascular Disease
(The #1 Killer Worldwide!)
3. Ischemic heart disease mortality is more
strongly associated with non-fat dairy
products than with dairy fat or margarine.
Segall, J. (1994). Dietary lactose as a possible risk factor for ischaemic heart disease: review
of epidemiology. Int J Cardiol., 46:197-207.
4. Intake of dairy products was associated with
higher blood pressure in lactovegetarians.
Sacks, F, and Kass, E. (1988). Low blood pressure in vegetarians: effects of specific foods
and nutrients. Am J Clin Nutr., 48:795-800.
Stroke
Positive associations were shown between whole
milk intake and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage
and between yogurt intake and subarachnoid
hemorrhage.
Larsson, S., Mannisto, S., Virtanen, M., Kontto, J., Albanes, D., and Virtamo, J. (2009). Dairy foods
and risk of stroke. Epidemiology, 20(3), 355-360.
What about obesity?
(Trends in US Prevalence, 1960-2004)
35%
Percent BMI > 30
30%
1960-62
1971-74
1976-80
1988-94
2003-04
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Men
Women
Ogden, C., Carroll, M., Curtin, L., McDowell, M., Tabak, C., and Flegal, K. (2006). Prevalence of
overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA, 295, 1549-1555.
Obesity is a phenomenon that has
occurred in the last 4 decades…
Today, 67% of Americans are either overweight or obese
according to body mass index.
Obesity is related to multiple other chronic diseases.
The increase in obesity prevalence began rising
dramatically in the 1980s through today.
What do you think is causing obesity?
In 1969, the average American drank 229 pounds of whole milk/year.
In 1999, the average American drank 69 pounds of whole milk/year.
Whole milk contains 2.1 g of saturated fat per 100 gram portion.
In 1969, the average American ate 10 pounds of cheese/year.
In 2010, the average American will eat 34 pounds of cheese/year.
Ten pounds of milk are required to make one pound of hard cheese.
Cheddar cheese contains 21.1 g of saturated fat per 100 gram
portion.
In 1969, the average American ate 18 pounds of ice cream/year.
In 2010, the average American will eat 35 pounds of ice cream/year.
Twelve pounds of milk are needed to make one pound of ice cream.
Vanilla ice cream contains 6.8 g of saturated fat per 100 gram
portion.
Diabetes
(24 M adults now have it and another 57 M
adults have impaired fasting glucose!*)
1.
Antibodies to a bovine albumin peptide (another milk protein)
can react with the beta cells of the pancreas, which produce
insulin, thereby resulting in their dysfunction.
Karjalainen, J., Martin, J., Knip, M., Ilonen, J., Robinson, B., Savilahti, E., Akerblom, H., and Dosch, H. (1992). A bovine albumin
peptide as a possible trigger of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med., 327:302-307.
2.
A meta-analysis of 13 studies revealed a 1.5 times higher risk of
developing diabetes for people who were exposed to cow’s milk
before four months of age.
Gerstein, H. (1994). Does cow’s milk cause type I diabetes mellitus? A critical overview of the clinical literature. Diabetes Care
17:13-19.
3.
Analysis of 13 countries shows a strong correlation between the
consumption of dairy products and the incidence of insulindependent diabetes.
Scott, F. (1990). Cow milk and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: is there a relationship? Am J Clin Nutr., 51:489–491.
*Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2008). National diabetes fact sheet: general information and national estimates on diabetes in
the United States, 2007 Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Allergy in Infants
1.
Childhood chronic constipation was correlated with
milk protein allergy and symptoms were relieved with
a milk-free diet in the majority of subjects.
Iacono, G., Carroccio, A., Cavataio, F., Montalto, G., Cantarero, M., and Notarbartolo, A. (1995). Chronic
constipation as a symptom of cow milk allergy. J Pediatrics, 126:34-39.
2.
Whey protein only and cow’s milk elicits colic in
infants.
Lothe, L., Lindberg, T., and Jakobsson, I. (1982). Cow’s milk formula as a cause of infantile colic: A doubleblind study. Pediatrics, 70:7-10.
Lothe, L. and Lindberg, T. (1989). Cow's milk whey protein elicits symptoms of infantile colic in colicky
formula-fed infants: a double-blind, crossover study. Pediatrics, 83:262-6.
Brominated Flame Retardant…
1.
Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) was measured and
dairy products contained a median of 32.2 pg/g.
2.
Vegans appear to have lower levels of PBDEs than the
general US population and this is related to the length of time
they were vegans and stopped eating meat.
Schecter A, Harris TR, Shah N, Musumba A, Papke O. (2008). Brominated flame retardants in
US food. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 52(2), 266-272.
Breast Cancer
1.
IGF-1 plays an important role in breast cancer cell growth.
Chen, J., Shao, Z., Sheikh, M., Hussain, A., Leroith, D., Roberts, C., and Fontana, J. (1994). Insulin-like growth
factor-binding protein enhancement of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)-mediated DNA synthesis and IGFI binding in a human breast carcinoma cell line. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 158(1), 69-78.
Figueroa, J., Sharma, J., Jackson, J., McDermott, M., Hilsenbeck, S., and Yee, D. (1993). Recombinant insulinlike growth factor binding protein-1 inhibits IGF-I, serum, and estrogen-dependent growth of MCF-7 human
breast cancer cells. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 157(2), 229-236.
2.
IGF-I proliferates breast carcinoma.
Cullen, K.J., Yee, D., Sly, W.S., Perdue, J., Hampton, B., Lippman, M.E., and Rosen, M. (1990). Insulinlike growth factor receptor expression and function in human breast cancer. Cancer Res., 50:48-53.
Yee, D., Paik, S., Lebovic, G.S., Marcus, R.R., Favoni, R.E., Cullen, K.J., Lippman, M.E., and Rosen, N. (1989).
Analysis of insulin like growth factor I gene expression in malignancy. Evidence for paracrine role
in human breast cancer. Mol. Endocrinol., 3509-517.
Colorectal Cancer
High total dairy intake in childhood
was associated with almost triple the
odds of colorectal cancer in adulthood.
van der Pols, J., Bain, C., Gunnell, D., Smith, G., Frobisher, C., and Martin, R. (2007). Childhood dairy
intake and adult cancer risk: 65-year follow-up of the Boyd Orr cohort. American Journal of Clinical
Nutrition, 86(6), 1722-1729.
Prostate Cancer
1.
A high intake of dairy products and calcium has been
associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer in
a recent meta-analysis.
Gao, X., LaValley, M., and Tucker, K. (2005). Prospective studies of dairy product and calcium intakes and
prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst., 97, 1768-1777.
2.
Data from 59 countries showed that men who ate the
most meat, poultry, and dairy were the most likely to
die from prostate cancer, while those who ate the
most unrefined plant foods and nuts were the least
likely to die from prostate cancer.
Hebert, J., Hurley, T., Olendzki, B., Tea, J., Ma, Y., & Hampl, J. (1998). Nutritional and socioeconomic factors
in relation to prostate cancer mortality: a cross-national study. J Nat Cancer Inst, 90(21), 1637-1647.
Cognitive Functioning
Saturated fat intake from milk and other dairy
products was correlated with poorer global
cognitive function and prospective memory and
with an increased risk of mild cognitive
impairment.
Eskelinen, M., Ngandu, T.; Helkala, E., Tuomilehto, J., Nissinen, A., Soininen, H., and Kivipelto, M. (2008). Fat intake at midlife and cognitive
impairment later in life: a population-based CAIDE study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23(7), 741-747.
Negating Antioxidant Capacity
The ingestion of blueberries with milk impairs the
in vivo antioxidant properties of blueberries.
The antioxidant properties of the blueberry
phenolics are believed to be reduced in vivo
because of their affinity for proteins.
Serafini, M., Testa, M., Villaño, D., Pecorari, M., van Wieren, K., Azzini, E., Brambilla, A., and Maiani, G. (2009).
Antioxidant activity of blueberry fruit is impaired by association with milk. Free Radic Biol Med., 46(6), 769-774.
Oxidative Stress
The intake of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) found
in milk fat resulted in an 83% higher level of in
vivo lipid peroxidation compared to a control diet.
Lipid peroxidation in vivo is considered to be a
reliable and clinically relevant marker of oxidative
stress.
Raff, M., Tholstrup, T., Basu, S., Nonboe, P., Sørensen, M., and Straarup, E. (2008). A diet rich in conjugated linoleic
acid and butter increases lipid peroxidation but does not affect atherosclerotic, inflammatory, or diabetic risk
markers in healthy young men. J. Nutr., 138:509-514.
What about the Big O?
Osteoporosis…
We have all been told (Are you convinced?) that if
you don’t eat dairy products then you will
succumb to osteoporosis at some point later in
life.
Do you believe that?
What does the science say?
Osteoporosis…
Bone mineral density is genetically determined and
dietary calcium may not prevent loss of bone.
Milk (from any source) is not necessary for humans after
weaning and the nutrients it contains are readily available
in foods without animal protein, hormones, saturated fat,
and cholesterol, but with fiber and thousands of
phytonutrients.
Your bones are better cared for if you remember that
preventing osteoporosis is an issue of calcium balance,
not calcium intake.
Focus on increasing your fruit and vegetable intake, limit
your animal protein, exercise regularly, get adequate
sunshine or supplemental vitamin D, and consume
approximately 500 mg calcium/day from plant sources.
Osteoporosis…
Diets high in protein, especially animal compared to vegetable, cause
an excess amount of calcium to be excreted. The inability to
compensate for animal protein-induced calciuric response is a risk
factor for the development of osteoporosis.
Breslau, N., Brinkley, L., Hill, K., and Pak, C. (1988). Relationship of animal protein-rich diet to kidney stone
formation and calcium metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 6, 140-146.
Zemel, M. (1988). Calcium utilization: Effect of varying level and source of dietary protein. Am J Clin Nutr, 48, 880883.
Sherman HC. (1920). Calcium requirement in man. J Biol Chem, 44, 21.
Persons who eat the most fruits and vegetables have denser bones
because their diets are lower in protein, these foods are rich in K+,
Mg+, and Ca+ (alkaline, not acid-forming), and they do not induce
urinary calcium loss.
Tucker, K. Hannan, M., Chen, H., et al. (1999). Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are
associated with greater mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr, 69(4), 727-736.
New, S., Robins, S., Campbell, M., et al. (2000). Dietary influences on bone mass and bone metabolism: further
evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr, 71(1), 142151.
The science you haven’t heard…
Countries that eat the lowest amount of protein have the lowest rates
of osteoporosis and hip fractures, and this relationship remains true
even in countries with low calcium intake.
Kolata, G. (1986). How important is dietary calcium in preventing osteoporosis? Science, 233(4763), 519-520.
Hegsted, D. (1986). Calcium and osteoporosis. J Nutr, 116, 2316-2319.
Data from a 12-year prospective study indicate that higher dairy and
calcium intakes in middle aged women do not provide protection
against hip or forearm fractures.
Women consuming the greatest amounts of calcium from dairy foods
had significantly increased risks of hip fractures, while no increase in
fracture risk was observed for the same levels of calcium from nondairy sources.
Feskanich, D., Willett, W., Stampfer, M., and Colditz, G. (1997). Milk, dietary calcium, and bone fractures in women: A 12-year prospective
study. American Journal of Public Health, 87(6), 992-997.
Foods and their levels
of calcium (mg/100 g)
Human breast milk
Cow’s milk
Almonds
Broccoli (raw)
Carrot (raw)
Collards (raw leaves)
Molasses (dark)
Orange
Parsley
Peanuts (roasted and salted)
Sesame seeds
Soybeans
Tofu
Sunflower seeds
Sweet potatoes (baked)
33 mg
113 mg
234 mg
48 mg
37 mg
250 mg
684 mg
43 mg
203 mg
74 mg
1,160 mg
60 mg
128 mg
120 mg
40 mg
The 7-Day No Milk and Dairy
Challenge!
Eat no dairy foods for 7 days and pay careful attention to
how differently you feel.
Think about your:
1. Energy level
2. When and how you use the bathroom
3. Whether you feel bloated or constipated
4. How you digest your foods
5. Allergies, congestion, and sinus problems
6. Other symptoms
On the 8th day, eat a lot of dairy again, and then record
your symptoms again.
Nutrition Recommendations
(United States Department of Agriculture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5 servings of whole grains each day. Grains are “whole” if they
are not processed, bleached, and exposed to chemicals. One
serving is ½ cup of cooked or dry cereal, a slice of bread, or a
cup of rice or pasta.
5-10 or more servings of vegetables per day. Good vegetables
to eat are broccoli, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, squash,
cucumbers, peppers, kale, spinach, kale, celery zucchini,
onions, cauliflower, carrots, lettuce, avocado, and cabbage.
One serving is 1 cup of raw or ½ cup of cooked vegetables.
5-10 or more servings of fruits per day. Good fruits are
strawberries, raspberries, blueberries, blackberries, cranberries,
oranges, peaches, cantaloupes, grapefruit, pears, mangos,
pineapples, and apples. A serving of fruit is one medium fruit,
½ cup of cooked fruit, or 4 ounces of fruit juice.
3 servings of beans, nuts, or soy foods per day. This might
include black beans, lima beans, soy milk, or tofu. A serving is
½ cup of cooked beans or nuts, 4 ounces of tofu, or 8 ounces
of soy milk.
Nutrition Recommendations
(United States Department of Agriculture)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Foods to Limit or Avoid: Animal fats and meats, fried foods,
white floor, added sugar, chemical sweeteners, artificial
preservatives and colors, hydrogenated (trans) fats, refined
grains (cookies, cakes, breads), sodas, and candy.
Meal Spacing: Eat 4 to 6 small meals (including snacks) per
day. Skipping breakfast is NOT recommended, as you need
calories to boost your body in the morning. Eating your largest
meal at dinner is also NOT good, since you are winding down
your day.
Portion Control: Even if you eat good foods, make sure to not
eat too much at one time. For example, a portion of fruit is 4
ounces of juice, one medium-sized fruit, or ½ cup of raw sliced
fruit.
Ways to Make Your Diet Healthier: Reduce refined flours and
increase products made from whole grains; eat more raw
foods, since cooking destroys many good parts of food; eat
more natural foods because processed foods contain things like
pesticides, heavy metals, and drugs used in raising animals.
The Best Dietary Approach
For anyone wanting to minimize the
risk of chronic diseases, focus on
eating as many unprocessed and
natural fruits, vegetables, grains, and
legumes as possible. Limit your intake
of everything else.
A final thought…
"I think there is a good reason why
the propaganda system works that
way. It recognizes that the public will
not support the actual policies.
Therefore, it is important to prevent
any knowledge or understanding of
them."
- Professor Noam Chomsky
For more information and
acknowledgement…
1. www.notmilk.com by Robert Cohen
2. “The China Study” by Dr. Colin Campbell
3. “Eat to Live” by Dr. Joel Fuhrman
Thank you for your attention!