Transcript PPT, 512 KB - global change SysTem for Analysis, Research

Mainstreaming Adaptation
into National Development
Plans
By
Dr. Bill Dougherty
Dr. Balgis Osman Elasha
Second AIACC Africa and Indian Ocean Island Regional Workshop.
The Laboratory for Atmospheric Physics at the Cheik Anta Diop
University of Senegal,
Outline of talk
• Overview of mainstreaming
– What does it mean?
– Why is mainstreaming necessary?
– What will it require?
• Perspective from Sudan
– What does it mean in the context of Sudan?
– Why is mainstreaming necessary in Sudan?
– What will it require in terms of near-term national
action?
What Does Adaptation Mean?
Definitions
• Mainstreaming: used to describe the
consideration of climate change adaptation
in national (and regional) decision making
processes (planning, budgeting etc.)
– Integration: used when specific adaptation
measures are added to the development plan or
strategy
What Does Adaptation Mean?
Basic Approaches
Mainstreaming from top-down:
• General awareness building
• Addressing adaptation concerns in new and existing national (and
regional) development policies, plans and projects (“we should do…”)
• Revising existing national development policies, plans and projects to
address maladaptive elements (“we should avoid doing…”)
Mainstreaming from bottom-up:
• General awareness building
• Integrating adaptation components into new and existing community
development projects and activities
• Revising existing local development projects and activities to address
maladaptive elements
What Does Adaptation Mean?
Leverage Points
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National sustainable development strategies
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
Combating Desertification Strategy & Action Plan
Climate-related plans (NAPA, SNC)
Synergies (links between the MEAs)
Existing planning processes e.g. EIA
Sectoral policies and plans
Local and community-based natural resource
management plans
Why is mainstreaming necessary?
• Findings summarized in the IPCC/TAR (2001) and
supported by the report "Poverty and Climate Change"
(2003) indicate that the poorest people in the world are
the most vulnerable to impacts of climate change. The
main objective of adaptation is to reduce the
vulnerability to climate change impacts
• Adaptation no longer focused on predicting impacts;
latest trends suggest adaptation should concentrate on
strengthening adaptive capacity of social and
ecological systems
Why is mainstreaming necessary? (2)
• Urgency of the problem
• Lack of definitive commitment to climate
change adaptation in Africa
• Difficulty of establishing a new stand-alone
strategy for adaptation (priority issues)
• Avoidance of negative impacts on adaptation
(mal-adaptation)
Why is mainstreaming necessary? (3)
If developing countries need to focus on increasing
adaptive capacity over the long term:
• Ad hoc responses (short-term responses, uncoordinated
processes, isolated projects, etc.) are not a solution
• Solution will need to involve:
– mainstreaming adaptation into national development
processes
– integrating adaptation into all relevant strategies, policies,
programs and projects
Mainstreaming adaptation:
What does it require?
Mainstreaming from top-down:
• General awareness building
• Working within key policy and planning “entry points”
• Working with key “enabling” figures (influential policymakers, ministries, etc.)
Mainstreaming from bottom-up:
• General awareness building
• Working within key local development “entry points”
• Working with key local development “enablers” (e.g.,
decision-makers, NGOs, vulnerable populations)
Mainstreaming adaptation:
What does it require? (2)
Mainstreaming from top-down (examples of key inputs):
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Effective case for mainstreaming (links, efficiencies, no-regrets)
Political will of several key “enablers”
Strategy for effective policy integration
Dynamic leadership of mainstreaming process
Institutional awareness building
Mainstreaming from bottom-up (examples of key inputs):
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Effective case for mainstreaming (links, opportunities, no-regrets)
Political will of several key local “enablers”
Practical guidance for local development activities
NGO and public awareness building campaign/outreach strategy
Perspective from Sudan:
Why is mainstreaming necessary?
• Sudan is highly vulnerable to climate impacts, in particular
drought; through its First National Communications, Sudan
has identified key climate change vulnerabilities
• Much of Sudan’s vulnerability stems from low adaptive
capacity – a result of poor development and poverty
• Effective adaptation will address these root causes
• For a range of reasons (competing priorities, efficiency,
etc.) adaptation should work through existing efforts to
address root causes
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming mean?
In Sudan, examples of mainstreaming opportunities include:
• UNCBD: National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
(NBSAP)
• UNCCD: National Action Programme
• National Environmental Policy and Policy Act
• Roll Back Malaria Plan of Action
• 25-Year Strategy
• Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming mean? (2)
Adaptation within the Poverty Reduction Strategy Process
(PRSP)
• The Poverty Reduction Strategy Process (PRSP) started
in 1999. A higher council {HC} chaired by the President of
the Republic was established by presidential decree in
year 2000, to supervise the preparation and
implementation of a comprehensive program for Poverty
Reduction.
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming mean? (3)
PRSP main objectives:
• Maintaining Economic Stability.
• Ensuring Political Stability (through Peace
Process).
• Achieving Social Stability.
• Increasing Standards of living
• Assist in achieving Debt Relief
• Assist in the flow of External Funding.
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming mean? (4)
Main PRSP Pillars
• Economic Stability
• Environmental Integrity
• Social Stability
• Political Stability
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming mean? (5)
Hypothetical demonstration
• To demonstrate the possibility of mainstreaming of
adaptation into the Sudan poverty reduction strategy,
we are going to consider specific adaptation
measures adopted by the rural communities in
Western Sudan, (pilot case study)
• This example represents an opportunity for linking
both top-down (PRSP) and bottom-up (communitybased project) mainstreaming
Perspective from Sudan: What does mainstreaming mean? (6)
Mapping adaptation against the PRSP:
Pillars of the
Economic stability
Social stability
Environmental integrity
SL Generic
-Average income levels
-Migration (slowed,
-Land degradation (slowed
indicators
(stabilized or increased);
stabilized, or reversed
or reversed);
-Participation of local
-Condition of the vegetation
Political stability
Poverty Reduction
strategy
- Reduced conflicts over
natural resources
communities in community cover (stabilized or
works and in the decision
improved);
making processes
-Soil and/or crop
(improved or decreased) productivity (stabilized or
increased);
Adaptation
-Introduction of
-Community development
-Rangeland rehabilitation
Strategies
revolving credit
-Training& capacity
-Water harvesting and
-Increasing number of
Building
management
livelihood alternatives
-Community institutional
-Stabilization of sand dunes
(income generating
structure created
-Creation of windbreaks
activities
-Institution building
-Conflict resolution
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming require?
Opportunities for enhancing integration of adaptation
• objectives of adaptation could be translated into
community resource management strategies and
mainstreamed into development plans
• this will lead to the achievement of many economic,
environmental and social benefits resulting from the
sustainable management of natural resources
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming require? (2)
Opportunities for enhancing integration of adaptation
• The integration will as well assist in exploring
indigenous knowledge and its importance to local
livelihoods.
• Development of the Adaptation Policy Framework: A
Guideline for Policies to Facilitate Adaptation to
Climate Change can improve the knowledge,
awareness and government preparedness.
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming require? (3)
Obstacles to enhancing integration of adaptation:
• Win-win options which support both adaptation and
development objectives tend not to be promoted in
development policy and planning as sectoral strategies
favour short term economic interest without accounting
for longer term impacts on the natural resource base
on which poor rural communities depend for their
livelihood.
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming require? (4)
Obstacles to enhancing integration of adaptation:
• development plans are mostly not finely-tuned to the specific
needs, priorities and capacities of local communities (North
Models).
• Local communities are rarely consulted or able to influence
decision-making .
• Lack of attention among scientists to identify links to sectoral
policies and plans and develop mechanisms for integration
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming require? (5)
Obstacles to enhancing integration of adaptation:
• Not engaging all major stakeholders' especially local
communities in the process of development planning at
the national level.
• Lack of sufficient communication and awareness among
different stakeholders needed to integrate adaptation in
routine development activities.
• Tension between the different planning departments
which rarely encourage cross-sectoral thinking or
approaches
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming require? (6)
Recommendations:
• Focus on priorities, outcomes and means of
implementation to develop a strategic planning at the
national level which is agreed amongst all sectors and
levels;
• Use a combination of top-down and bottom-up
approaches beginning at local level and then moving up;
• Establish a well defined mechanism for coordination,
provide necessary guidance, capacity building and
resources;
• Institutionalize adaptation planning within each sector
and highlight potential incentives;
Perspective from Sudan:
What does mainstreaming require? (7)
Recommendations:
• Secure high level political commitment to support the process
of integrating adaptation in the development plans;
• Demonstrate through the results of case studies that
adaptation is central to key concerns of poverty, social
marginalization, conflict and instability etc;
• Demonstrate the ways in which adaptation can reinforce
existing specific natural resource policies and institutional
frameworks (enabling environment);
• Provide a framework for monitoring and measuring
performance within each sector to be established
Thanks
Develop &
Adapt
Conserve the
Environment