Transcript Ingen lysbildetittel

•Innledning
•LCAmetodikk
A systematic mapping and evaluation of health, ecological and
resource impact thoughout the entire life-cycle of a product from
resource extraction to final disposal
Transport
•ISOstandarder
Production
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
Environment
Health
•Avslutning
Resources
Use
Waste treatment
What is LCA?
•Innledning
LCA Framework
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
Goal and Scope
Definition
Impact Assessment
Inventory Analysis
1. Constructing a
Process Flow
Chart
2. Collecting Data
3. Defining Systems
Boundaries
4. Processing
the Data
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
1. Classification
2. Characterization
3. Weighting
Interpretation
Credit: UNEP, Life Cycle Assessment:
What it is and how to do it, Paris 1996.
•Innledning
”1000 liters of beer delivered”
requires...
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
ca 70 glas bottles
(28 use cycles)
ca 130 PET bottles
(17 use cycles)
ca 2000 aluminium
cans (1 'cycle')
Functional unit
•Innledning
•LCAmetodikk
Climate
change
acidification
waste
VOC
Collection of used
glass
Glass production
Energy consumpton
Production
Production of lime- of materials
stone and sand etc.
Bottle production
Production
of bottles
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
Deposit
washing
Filling
•Avslutning
washing/
filling &
distribution
Retail
other
transport
Private transport
user
landfill
To waste
treatment
from user
Process flow chart for a glas bottle
•Innledning
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
System boundaries
… define the boundary between the product system and
the environment.
… separate unit processes that are included in the
analysis from those that are excluded.
E.g., for private transport, we may include the energy
consumption and emissions of driving the car, but
exclude the production of the car, the road etc.
•Innledning
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
Data sources, data processing
Good data on the emissions and resource use during lifecycle steps is difficult to obtain. Following data sources
are often used:
• Process engineering data from the manufacturer
• Public emissions databases (e.g., TRI)
• LCA databases included in LCA software
• other LCAs
Great care must be taken to ensure that data is correct
and relevant.
LCA software tools differ in their ability to correctly process
inventory data. They are often unable to address
feedback loops or uncertainty.
•Innledning
Impact Assessment
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
Hertwich et al., J. Ind. Ecol. 4(1):13-28, 2000
•Innledning
Equivalent effect
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
stressor
CO2, CH4 emissions
insult
CO2, CH4 concentration
stress
 IR radiation
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
consequence
value lost
Impact chain
acc. to Holdren
(1980)
Temperature, Storms
integrated over a
specific number
of years
Crop Loss, Storm Damage
Global climate
change
impact chain
discounted
GWP
IPCC
(1996)
EDI
Hammitt et al.
(1996)
Hertwich et al., J. Ind. Ecol. 4(1):13-28, 2000
•Innledning
Impact Assessment and Weighting
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
LCA of concrete: 3 different impact assessment systems
were used, reflecting different approaches and values.
•Innledning
Interpretation
•LCAmetodikk
… is a systematic procedure to identify, qualify, check and evaluate information
from the reulsts of the LCI and/or LCIA of a product system …
ISO 14043
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
Find significant contributions
•
•
most important impact (pollutant or resource use)
most important step in the life-cycle
Understand analysis -- critical assumptions
•Avslutning
•
•
how would conclusions change in response to other
assumptions (sensitivity analysis)
how dependent are conclusions on uncertain input data
(uncertainty analysis)
Identify and evaluate improvement options
•
changes in design, material, or process that may reduce
important environmental impacts
•Innledning
•LCAmetodikk
LCA of Norwegian Hydropower
100%
Cu, resource
•ISOstandarder
60%
Fossile fuel
PM10
NOx
40%
CO2
CO2
20%
SO2
SO2
in
g
N
or
m
al
ise
r
EP
S
al
0%
Bu
w
•Avslutning
Total
fluor
%
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
80%
SO2
NOx
N2O
CO
PAH
CO2
NMVOC
CH4
part
Freon
F
Cr
Ni
Pb
BOD
N-tot
Elektrisitet
Ag (ressurs)
Hg
Cu
Cd
Zn
COD
P-tot
Fossil energi
Al (ressurs)
Cu (ressurs)
Skogareal
Annet landareal
Spes.avfall
Zn (ressurs)
Dyrkbar mark
Prod.avfall
M. Vold, SETAC Case Study Symposium, Brussels, 1996.
•LCAmetodikk
•ISOstandarder
•Miljøvare
deklarasjoner
•Avslutning
Windpower Simplon, CH 1990
0.004
Damage costs according
to pollutants [Euro/kWh]
CO2
7.7 E-4
CH4
5.9 E-5
NOx
4.9 E-4
Particles
1.1 E-3
SO2
1.1 E-3
NMVOC
1.4 E-4
Benzo(a)pyren 2.7 E-9
Acidification
0.003
Morbidity
Euro/kWh
•Innledning
0.002
Mortality
0.001
Global Warming
0
1
Global Warming
Mortality
Morbidity
acidification terrestrical
acidification aquatic
Eutrophication terrestrial
material damage
damage to plants
0.000826
0.001646
0.000577
0.000383
0.000131
3.76E-05
2.39E-05
3.65E-05