Transcript Food security: meeting the challenges of climate

Food security:
meeting the challenges of climate variability
and change
iCED
Workshop on
Institutional Framework for
Sustainable Development
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Contents
-thinking and intervening for food
security• Institutions
• Food and environmental security
• Institutional frameworks- locating agriculture
and food security
• Agriculture vs or in the environment
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Institutions
• Rules, norms, values, ways of working• Institutions are not organizations
Three schools in economics
- Institutions exist and matter
- Institutions do not matter
- Institutions matter and can be measured
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Meanings of agriculture
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Resources
Production
Employment
Food Security
Trade
Environment
Energy
Gender
Knowledge
29 July
17
Sept2010
2011
Rajeswari
Rajeswari
S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
Institutions governing agriculture and
food
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Productionism
Stewardship
Administrative rationality
Radical ecology --- etc.
Ecological democracy – for sustainable
development
Scope for evolution of both
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
NMSA:
Administrative Rationality
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3 elements of policy making
Technocracy
Target and control mechanisms
Selective perception
Limits -for biological or natural resource
based production processes
- for all industrial development
without contexts, evolution and change
29 July
17
Sept2010
2011
Rajeswari
Rajeswari
S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
Agriculture and the Development
Imperative- Surplus extraction
• Too many living on a thinning share of the
economic pie – 50 % to 14.6 %
• Un- and under- employment – 64 %
• Hunger, malnutrition, poverty persist – 48%
THE DEVELOPMENT SOLUTION
- Move the small peasantry out -86 %
- Industrial agriculture -< 40%
- Food supply to the displaced, destitute -???
29 July
17
Sept2010
2011
Rajeswari
Rajeswari
S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
Figure 1: Irrigation and fertilizer based production
Source: Government of India, 2009; RBI, 2009.
29 Sept
1-3
Nov 2011
2010
Rajeswari
SIIDRaina,
team,NISTADS-CSIR
India
Disjuncture
between agriculture and food
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Green revolution – history –
Institutionalization of a paradigm
State and science
Production for nourishment ??
- malnutrition
- soils
water
bio-diversity
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Food Security
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Availability
Access
Affordability
Stability
Environmental security??
Food security policy interventions ignore and interfere
irrevocably into the close relationships between
“many of the constituents of well-being and the
provisioning, regulating and enriching components of
eco systems” (UNEP, 2004; 2009)
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Successful green revolution in South Asia?
5-8-2011
29 Sept 2011
R. S. Raina, NISTADS (CSIR)
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Major challenges
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Labour – uneven availability/use
Less water
Less arable land
Increasing land policy conflicts
Loss of biodiversity: genetic, species and
ecosystems
• Increasing levels of pollution
• Changing climate + variability
So how do we face future challenges?
29 July
17
Sept2010
2011
Rajeswari
Rajeswari
S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture
(from IAASTD, 2009- based on IPCC, 2008)
29 Sept
28-29
Sept
2011
2010
Rajeswari
R. S. Raina, NISTADS
NISTADS-CSIR
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
The epoch of fossil fuel based
agriculture in human history
Agricultural expansion &
growth 19th – 20th century
Agricultural revolution
About 1750 AD
Likely end of fossil fuelbased agriculture
Settled agriculture
Finish about 2400 AD
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Production increases come from the rainfed cropping systems -
29 Sept 2011
5-8-2011
Rajeswari
R. S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS
NISTADS-CSIR
(CSIR)
Are we equipped?
• NMSA – dryland agriculture, risk management,
access to information, use of biotechnology
• Dryland agriculture – undulating terrains and predominant crops/ crop-livestock systems of rainfed
farming, soil fertility + soil moisture management,
research – contextual understanding & technology
generation, extension – decentralized action
research capacities for adaptation and
responsiveness, rapid response capacities – human
and material resources …?
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Rainfed farming – in an alternative
institutional framework
Agro-ecological systems approach
- involves a context specific (spatial and temporal) set of
principles
- methods to understand and analyse agro-ecosystems
- focus is on the dynamism of ecological and social processes
- no universal formula or silver bullet for maximizing the
productivity
- well-being and sustainability of an agro-ecosystem sets the
evolving borders/boudaries
- principles of agro-ecological knowledge=> offer a framework
for analysis and design of technologies and policy
interventions.
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Alternative Institutional Frameworksthe IAASTD example
• The IAASTD - a recent debate
29 July
17
Sept2010
2011
Rajeswari
Rajeswari
S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
Ignored
• By almost all the sponsors
• By almost all the governments who
approved and accepted
• By many scientists
• By major industries
• By all mainstream economists
- Discussed and promoted within
environmental movements, CSOs, third
world networks, and some international
(UN) agencies, …
29 July
17
Sept2010
2011
Rajeswari
Rajeswari
S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
Why?
• Institutional alternatives
- demand self-reflection
- need learning capacities
- depend on information flows and exchanges
- -- some crucial but missing capacities –
Wittgenstein – our faith in economic growth,
technological solutions - - will not ‘heal the
sickness of our age’.
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Agriculture-Environment
• Food and Environmental security
• From vs. to in – alternative institutional
frameworks
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Agriculture in the Environment
• Current production strategies – food
insecurity, social and environmental
disruption
• State enabled degradation – legitimized?
• Contexts – marginal/small farmers, state and
peasantry lock-in, malnutrition, repetitions…
• Climate change – adaptation strategies that
are also mitigation strategies
29 Sept 2011
Rajeswari Raina, NISTADS-CSIR
Debates…policies
• Tackle each problem – rational production
policy
• Tackle each problem with its environmental
consequence/cost – balanced production and
environmental policy
• Understand each issue, causal relationships,
intended and un-intended consequences –
discursive, iterative policy processes
- beyond mere environmental accounting 29 July
17
Sept2010
2011
Rajeswari
Rajeswari
S. Raina,
Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
Institutional reform?
New institutional frameworks?
• Institutional changes emerge from – (i) need to
escape repeated patterns (ii) desire to learn, to
experiment – Veblen’s workmanship
• Dominant institutions – agenda setting norms –
translated into development policy
• Economics legitimizations -2nd school of institutional
economics
• Institutional reform – needs facilitated capacity
development, iterative policy research and learning.
29March
7
Sept 2011
2011
R.
Rajeswari
S. Raina,Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi
• Dr Rajeswari S Raina
email: [email protected]
Mobile: +919810956469
Office: 011-25843227
29March
7
Sept 2011
2011
R.
Rajeswari
S. Raina,Raina,
NISTADS,
NISTADS-CSIR
New Delhi