Transcript Slide 1

COMMONWEALTH INCLUSIVE CITIES NETWORK,
AHMEDABAD
last page
10 - 12 JUNE 2010
The Commonwealth Association of Planners’
State of Commonwealth Cities:
Scoping Study
Will French
Royal Town Planning Institute
ComHabitat: a partnership
with links beyond to Built
Environment Professions in the
Commonwealth (BEPIC)
– Commonwealth Association of
Surveying and Land Economy
(CASLE)
– Commonwealth Engineering
Council (CEE)
– Commonwealth Association of
Architects (CAA)
ComHabitat’s Agenda
• 1999 Commonwealth goal:
− Demonstrated progress towards adequate
shelter for all with secure tenure and access
to essential services in every community by
2015
• 2005 ‘Aberdeen Agenda’ flags key principles for
local government:
− Democratic, legal framework, accountable, open
to scrutiny, inclusive, equitable and resourced
• 2007 New Delhi Statement:
− Call to promote ‘inclusive cities’ in policy-making
• 2007 Commonwealth People’s Forum:
− Request for a State of Commonwealth Cities
Report
A State of Commonwealth Cities Report
• Objectives are to:
– Measure progress towards the Commonwealth goal.
– Create a partnership of cities to develop policy
responses to human settlement challenges.
– Encourage greater dialogue between governments
and civil society on urban development.
– Build the basis for Commonwealth leadership
through an action-research programme on
Commonwealth cities.
CCGHS Goal: How are we doing?
‘ Demonstrated progress
towards adequate shelter
for all with secure tenure
and access to essential
services in every
community by 2015 ’ .
Demonstrated Progress … by 2015
Measurement Challenges
–
–
–
–
–
Measuring progress over time
Huge inconsistencies in methods
Progress is inevitably uneven
Quantitative v Qualitative measurement
Varying Data levels – national, city, local
‘If you can measure that of which you speak and can
express it by a number, you know something of your
subject; but if you cannot measure it, your knowledge
is meagre and unsatisfactory.’
Lord Kelvin
… adequate shelter for all …
• % of population living in slums.
– Increased globally since 1990.
– Commonwealth has a higher % in urban
slums than the world as a whole.
– Population growth & economic outlook likely
to fuel growth.
• <5 yrs mortality - indicator of life chances:
– Rates in 14 Commonwealth countries are
above global levels
… with secure tenure …
• Central to improving lives
– Informal settlements risk enforcement action
by public authorities.
– No formal address can affect access to key
services, credit and voting.
• More Commonwealth citizens appear to
lack secure tenure today than in 1999
• Global downturn is creating problems
even in the richest countries.
… and access to essential services.
Water & sanitation, electricity, education and health care
Evidence suggests in the Commonwealth:
– Basic services are lacking in most cities
– In many countries
• 1 in 5 city dwellers lack clean water
• 1 in 3 have no adequate sanitation
– Some reduction in proportion without
access to schools. BUT …
… the numbers of children have increased.
The CHGS goal - How are we doing?
‘
Demonstrated progress
towards adequate shelter
for all with secure tenure
and access to essential
services in every
community by 2015 ’ .
... WELL, NOT ALL THAT WELL!
Meanwhile, other challenges
have come to the fore
Cities are growing at an
accelerating rate
• Commonwealth cities were home to
261m people in 2000. There will be
451m in 2015 – a 73 % increase.
• Growth is 23.5m a year or ...
• ... about 65,000 a day
• Most urban growth in smaller
centres with little management
capacity
RURAL URBAN
63%
37%
1970
RURAL
53%
URBAN
47%
2000
RURAL URBAN
60%
40%
2030
Inclusive Cities- basic data
% Annual Growth
2005-2010
Country
% pop in urban % urban
pop
areas
living in
slums
(2001)
2007
2050
Urban Population (000s)
Urban
Rural
2007
2025
2050
Australia
1.2
-0.6
18,373
22,266
26,313
88.6
93.8
1.6
Canada
1.0
0.4
26,394
31,445
37,583
80.3
87.9
5.8
India
2.4
1.1
341,247
538,055
914,888
29.2
55.2
55.5
Malaysia
3.0
-1.3
18,484
27,187
34,816
69.6
87.9
2
Papua New Guinea
1.9
2
791
1,362
3,319
12.5
29.8
19
Sierra Leone
2.9
1.5
2,194
3,949
8,444
37.4
62.4
—
South Africa
1.4
-0.7
29,266
36,073
44,235
60.2
79.6
13.6
Tanzania
4.2
1.9
10,128
21,029
45,946
25
54
92.1
Trinidad and Tobago
2.9
0.0
171
291
507
12.9
38.3
32
United Kingdom
0.5
-0.4
54,620
59,738
64,569
89.9
94
5.6
Commonwealth
2.5
n/a
737,945 1,159,857
1,930,986
35.5
60.2
53.4
Total World
2.0
0.4
3,293,944 4,584,233
6,398,291
49.4
69.6
31.6
Most Cities are mushrooming faster
Source: Angel, Sheppard and Civco
Transport, Infrastructure and Waste
Management
• Car dependency tends to increase faster than
the population as a whole
• Public transport is not keeping pace with
population growth
• Infrastructure provided in the colonial era is
coming to the end of its life and needs replacing
which is costly
• In many settlements 30-60% solid waste
remains uncollected
Cities must respond to Climate Change
CO2 emissions per capita (metric tons), 2004.
20
Canada
15-20
Australia
10-15
Singapore
5-10
Malaysia; New Zealand; South Africa; United
Kingdom.
India
1-5
<1
Bangladesh; Cameroon; Ghana; Kenya; Malawi;
Mozambique; Nigeria; Pakistan; Papua New
Guinea; Sierra Leone; Sri Lanka; Tanzania;
Uganda; Zambia.
Cities must respond to Climate Change
• Adaptation
– 707 Commonwealth Cities are in the Low
Elevation Coastal Zone so liable to flood.
– Hotter temperatures
– Catastrophic events – hurricanes and
flooding
• Mitigation – cities produce 70% of
greenhouse gases
– Better building regs
– Better recycling
– Curb car use
… and in some cities inequality is rife
Gini Coefficient
(0 represents absolute
equality, 100 absolute
inequality).
30 to 40
(moderate levels of inequality;
political stability and civil society
participation)
40 to 50
(Inequality approaching high levels;
could discourage investment and
lead to sporadic protests and riots)
Country
Urban Areas
Pakistan, Canada, Bangladesh,
Tanzania, Australia, UK, NZ,
India, Trinidad and Tobago,
Malawi
Urban Australia, Freetown,
Urban India , Urban Pakistan,
Dar es Salaam,
Sri Lanka, Ghana, Kenya
Singapore, Nigeria, Cameroon,
Jamaica, Uganda,
Mozambique, Malaysia
Urban Bangladesh, Colombo,
Urban Cameroon, Urban
Uganda
Gambia, Swaziland, Zambia,
PNG, South Africa
Accra, Maputo, Urban
Botswana, Nairobi
50 to 60
(Relatively high levels of inequality
reflecting institutional and structural
failures in income distribution)
Over 60
(Extremely high levels of inequality
not only among individuals but also
among social groups. High risk of
social unrest or civil conflict)
Botswana, Sierra Leone,
Lesotho, Namibia
Urban Namibia, Durban,
Johannesburg
In summary: the crisis is urban
• Urban pop is rising - 73% from 2000-15
… and in an economic slowdown.
• Growth on this scale carries global threats:
– Food insecurity from urban sprawl,
– Contributions to climate change
– Health and social cohesion
• The trajectory of cities must change
… and it can:
– Cities are places of economic opportunity
– Locations for innovation and entrepreneurs
– Land value increases are a powerful economic stimulus
It is a Management Challenge
• Well performing cities are the key to our future:
– Poverty & economic development
– Education & health
– Environment, shelter, farms &
forests
– Vulnerability to hazards.
• Profile of cities needs raising
... The significance of cities must be
recognised
… City managers need support.
A role for the Commonwealth
• Commonwealth has a unique leadership
opportunity
• A network with common goals
• Opportunities for:
–
–
–
–
inter-city cooperation
mutual learning
consider new approaches,
and share experiences
• Can help promote stronger and more
sustainable urban settlements
Network of Inclusive Commonwealth Cities
Pilot Cities
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ahmedabad
Birmingham
Brisbane
Ethekwini (Durban)
Freetown
Hyderabad
• Kuala Lumpur
• Dar es Salaam
• Metro Vancouver
• Port of Spain
• Johannesburg
• Port Moresby
Pilot Cities
Low % slums
(<10%)
Medium % slums
(10–50%)
High urban
growth (>4%)
Medium
urban
growth (24%)
Low urban
growth (<2%)
High % slums
(>50%)
Dar es Salaam
Kuala Lumpur
Brisbane,
Birmingham,
Metro Vancouver
Port of Spain
Durban/ eThekwini,
Johannesburg, Port
Moresby
Ahmedabad,
Hyderabad,
Freetown
Proposals for Action research
• Systematic analysis of city-level information to
provide an evidence base to improve lives and
the sustainability of Commonwealth cities
• Four proposed themes:
1. Monitor the1999 Commonwealth goal;
2. The urban aspects of climate change;
3. Re-inventing planning and modernising land
management;
4. Inclusive metropolitan governance and
management.
Thank You
Comments, ideas, criticisms please to:
[email protected]