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Green actions in the Air Traffic Management perspective Tomas Mårtensson, Martin Hagström; FOI Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Outline – what will I talk about? • Overview on emissions from aviation • Compositions and effects on climate • How much emissions are there from aviation (EU-perspective) • What can Air Navigation Service (ANS) providers do? • How to measure “green actions”, what is good and what is bad? • Environmental Key Performance Indicators. • The need for Trade-off studies. • Conclusions Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Emitted substances From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009), Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Aviation emissions • Aviation is an unique emission source. Release occur in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (8-12 km) on a global scale Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Emitted substances From: Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009), Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Aviation emissions in European airspace Flights within EUROCONTROL area 2009 Flights to/from EUROCONTROL area TOTAL within EUROCONTROL area within / outside Number of flights ~7,700 000 ~1,700 000 ~9,400 000 Average number of seats 123 220 153 Average Max Take Off Weight 63 t 203 t 94 t Average Distance flown 900 km 1691 / 3039 km 1046 km Average flight time 80 min 125 / 206 min 88 min 3.1 t 10.8 / 22.4 t 4.5 t Total Fuel 23 000 000 t 19 Mt / 39 Mt 42 000 000 t CO2 74 000 000 t 59 Mt / 122 Mt 133 000 000 t 56 % 44 % 100 % Fuel per flight % Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009 Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Aviation fuel efficiency Airlines / Manufactures ANS Air Navigation Service Load factor Aircraft fuel efficiency ANS fuel efficiency Optimal vs actual trajekctory Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Horizontal flight efficiency TMA = Terminal Manoeuvring Area GCD = Great Circle Distance DC = Direct Course A = Actual route TMA TMA Horizontal flight efficiency 922 km Actual route Direct Route extension 32,3 km En route Extension +47.6 km 890 km Direct Course TMA Interface 15,3 km 874 km Great Circle Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009 Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Terminal Manoeuvring Area From FL95 to “gear out” B737-600 BROWN GREEN DIFF Flown Distance 89,4 km 54,9 km 34,5 km Fuel used 109 kg 167 kg 276 kg Inefficiencies actionable by ANS Fuel Flight Fuel Total CO2 Total % 4,5 t 42 Mt 133 Mt 100 % Horizontal en-route flight path 163 kg 1,5 Mt 4,8 Mt 3,6 % Vertical en-route flight profile 25 kg 0,2 Mt 0,7 Mt 0,6 % Airborne Terminal 51 kg 0,5 Mt 1,5 Mt 1,1 % Taxi-out phase 32 kg 0,3 Mt 0,9 Mt 0,7 % ~271 kg ~2,5 Mt ~8,0 Mt ~6% 2009 Estimated average within European airspace Total Source: EUROCONTROL Performance Review Report 2009 Green actions from ANS acts on all aircrafts Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October ANS ways of reducing emissions • Airspace design • Free route air spacing (FRAS) • Arrival and Departure route design (STAR/SID) • Use of Precision Navigation procedures • Arrival and departure manager (AMAN/DMAN) • Continuous Descend Operations • Better use of weather information • Optimum use of Runways • Timing and punctuality Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October What are the problems? • The European borders… • Trade-off considerations • Safety versus Nothing • Capacity versus Environment • Emissions versus Noise • How to measure what actual benefits there is from “green” actions taken in ATM? Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October How to measure potential benefits from operational procedure changes? • FOI worked with LFV ANS to develop environmental Key Performance Indicators (KPI) 2009-2010. • Build the KPI:s from available systems. • The limitations with data from available systems are: • Swedish airspace, Phase of flight, not all airports, Spatial resolution, time resolution, formats, metadata • The recommendation was to use radar-tracks archived in Noise monitoring system. Covers the ten largest airports in Sweden out to 50 nm with high resolution in space and time for all flights. Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Suggested environmental KPIs • Flown distance [nm] • Excessive lateral flown distance [nm] • Fuel consumption [kg] • Additional fuel consumption [kg] • Number of CDA. • Time in levelled flight [minutes] [%] • Taxi time [minutes] *all defined as an average per flight FOI project team with LFV: Benny Jansson, Tomas Mårtensson, Björn Nevhage, Maria Stenström Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Flown distance DARR2 ndep narr DARRi DDEP j i 1 j 1 KPI 1 narr ndep DARR1 DDEP1 DDEP2 DARR3 DDEP3 DARR = True flown distance of arriving flights [nm] DDEP = True flown distance of departing flights [nm] narr = number of landings ndep = number of take-off Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October The sum of flown distance over a day Sum of flown distance in TMA 00 06 12 18 Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October 24 Time of day Excessive lateral flown distance DARR2 ndep narr ( DARR i d arr ) ( DDEP d dep ) j i 1 j 1 KPI 2 narr ndep DARR1 darr ddep DDEP2 DDEP1 d = norm [nm] DARR3 DDEP3 Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October How to chose a normative distance in real life operations ? ARLANDA Take Off RWY 08 Landing RWY 01L (Figure from LFV) Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Time in levelled flight Six flights to Arlanda from distance 50 nm until touch down at RWY 26 1 2 3 4 5 Trade-off: Noise - Emissions (Data from LFV/(Swedavia, ANOMS system) Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October 6 Emissions versus Noise Runway Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Lowest emissions = Direct Course RWY Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Lowest Noise RWY Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Real operations RWY Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Emissions versus Noise Release of CO2 /day Today = x movements/day Tomorrow = y movements/day CO2 Cap “Today” “Tomorrow Minimum CO2 Minimum Noise FOI. Clausen Mork et al. Noise legislation Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Noise Impact /day Conclusions • Last year, ~44 Million tones of kerosene was burned within in EUROCONTROL Area (excl sport & military aviation). • ANS can act on ~6 % of aviation emissions (more for individual flights) • There is a need for better measures (KPI:s) with high resolution in time and space to be able to quantify “green actions” • Suggested Key Performance Indicators • • Flown distance, Excessive Lateral flown distance, Fuel burn, Excessive fuel burn, Number of CDA:s, Time in levelled flight and Taxi time. As aviation grows, there is a clear need to put numbers on the trade-off between noise and emissions to meet future legislations. Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October Thank you for your attention! FOI ̶ research for a safer world Flygteknik 2010, 18-19 October