Transcript The Roles of Seaweed on Climate Change, Food Security and

A.Niartiningsih * and Elly Wahyudin**
•*Faculty of Marine Sciences and Fisheries
•**Faculty of Pharmacy
•Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
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INTRODUCTION
SEAWEEDS AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
SEAWEED FOR FOOD
SECURITY
SEAWEED AS NATURAL
PRODUCT FOR MEDICINE
AND COSMETIC
CONCLUSION
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Seaweeds  known as marine macroalgae
Seaweed is important not only as part of the
marine ecosystem, but also as sources of
foods and other natural products
Since issue of climate change and food
security became crucial issues in the last
decade, the potential roles of the seaweed,
especially through seaweed mass aquaculture
then become more crucial.
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Global warming and climate change due
to green house effect of increasing CO2
in the atmosphere.
The impact of global warming is not only
to the atmosphere but also to the ocean
system.
If the temperature increases in the
atmosphere, it will also affect the sea
surface temperature.
The various impacts of climate changes are
including impacts on marine resources and
fisheries, sea level rise, storm, etc.
Serious efforts need to be adopted and
developed toward potential solution for reducing
carbon emission and increasing carbon capture as
effective means of climate change mitigation.
Reforestation is a classic means of
combating global warming
Seaweeds as marine plants are also
potential for capturing significant
amount of atmospheric carbon,
especially through extensive seaweed
culture.
 Indonesia has high potency of marine
culture with coast line of 81,407 km,
South Sulawesi has coast line 1,890 km.
The projected capacity of seaweed
production in Indonesia is huge
(approximately 450,000 t) (IFC, 2003).
The area using for seaweed production in
Indonesia is about 2,6 million Ha in 2010
 South Sulawesi has produced the seaweed about 50%
from national production since 2005 and the production
tend to increase from year to year.
Half the photosynthesis in the world takes place in the
oceans and in the seas  absorb CO2 during
photosynthesis
Increasing the activities of seaweed culture
could reduce  the CO2 concentrations in the
atmospheric .
Seaweed cultivation  uptake carbon dioxide and
acting as a nutrient sink and produce O2, thereby
improving water quality to some extent.
Seaweed culture has been proposed as one method
for the sequestration or immobilization of CO2
through filtration or mechanical/chemical processes
for long-term storage (Carlsson et al., 2007)
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Based on the research on seagrass shown that 1 m2
of seagrass area could take up the carbon 520
mgC/hr. It might be closed to seaweed.
The estimation of seaweed culture activities that
responsible for uptake Carbon in South Sulawesi
every day account for:
520 mgC/hr x 10h x 10.000 x 57.000 =
2.964 ton C/day.
Despite the potential roles of seaweed for climate change
mitigation, there also has been concern that GW might affect
marine organisms including seaweed aquaculture
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In the last few months (April-June 2010), there were
increasing SST around Indonesia and South East Asia due to
Elnino phenomena which was up to 2-3 0C has been
associated with more ice-ice diseases phenomena on
Kappaphycus culture.
In context of seaweed and climate change, this was not only
mitigation aspect but also adaptation issues .
Benefit of Seaweed culture :
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Increasing income of the
fisherman in the coastal area.
Empower the fisherman,
involve many workers in
varies culture activities (Seed
production, tight the seed in
the rope, setting the seed,
maintain during growth-out),
increasing their activities to
be more productive.
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Relatively easy to grow.
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Using simple technology
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Relatively small Investment
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Relatively short Harvesting
time (45 days).
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High demand for local
industries and export
commodity.
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As food 
seaweed
can
be
consumed fresh : like
salad
or
through
processing
traditionally or small
scale industry and
have been produced
such as: cake, candy,
juice,
etc.
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Most of seaweed culture are family scale
activity.
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Floating mono line system with long rope 
Kappaphycus alvarezii
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Off bottom cultured system  Gracillaria sp
Seaweed Productio (Ton)
80,000.00
70,000.00
60,000.00
50,000.00
40,000.00
30,000.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Yearly Production
* The data shown that in 2004 to 2005 has significant increase of seaweed production
* Data from various source in Indonesia
Production of seaweed
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
-
K. alvarezii
Gracillaria sp
Species of seaweed
* Asperli data 2010, Makassar Indonesia
70,000.00
60,000.00
50,000.00
40,000.00
30,000.00
20,000.00
10,000.00
Source
Numb. of Families
Area (ha)
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Low production and low product
quality
Low culture technique.
Poor quality of seaweed seeds, the
production tend to decrease year to
year.
Unsuitable culture site.
Difficult to get the seed in certain
period of time.
Variation of growth and production
among season.
Diseases of seaweed: ice-ice and
parasite.
Low quality due to post harvest
handling, i.e : drying system and
premature harvesting
Heavy metal contaminated issues
Seaweed as a Natural Product
Raw material for sunblock and antiaging cream
SEAWEED
Raw material for pharmaceutical
excipient
Health Food and Drink
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PHARMACY
FACULTY
OF
HASANDDIN
UNIVERSITY has formulated sunblock and cream using
Euchema cottoni and Euchema spinosum as raw materials that
physically stable and pharmacologically active as
antioxidant.
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PHARMACY
FACULTY
OF
HASANUDDIN
UNIVERSITY has extracted alginate from Sargassum siliquosum
taken from Barang Lompo, South Sulawesi and resulted 21,42 %
dry extract. Furthermore, it has been conducted a research about
how to use alginate sodium as a coat in slow release teophyllin
microencapsulated.
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PHARMACY
FACULTY
OF
HASANUDDIN
UNIVERSITY has
developed
health
food using seaweed
result corn soup plus
seaweed.
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Seaweeds are very abundant naturally in the shallow
marine ecosystem and especially potential to be
produced in massive scale through aquaculture,
especially in Indonesia as the biggest archipelagic
country.
Seaweed as fast growing marine plants can uptake
the CO2 effectively for their photosynthetic activities.
Seaweed may play important roles in capturing and
reducing emissions of CO2, hence potential remedies
to eliminate global climate changes effect.
The recent global warming that increased SST also
might threat seaweed aquaculture. Hence, in relation
to climate change, seaweed has to be considered
both for mitigation as well as the need to find the
best strategy for adaptation.
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The high quality components of seaweeds
have been contributing to provide alternative
healthy foods for human being, thus
potentially become a source of alternative
food to ensure food security for our next
generation in this earth.
High variety of excellent natural products
been found in variety of seaweed species
have been utilized as raw material for many
different medicines and cosmetics.
TERIMA KASIH