Transcript NWP Workshop on Methods and Tools & Observations and Data

Linking Ozone Layer
Protection, Climate Change
and Energy Efficiency
Caribbean Ozone Officers
Meeting
Antigua and Barbuda
1 – 4 March 2011
Carlos Fuller
Deputy Director
The Caribbean Community
Climate Change Centre
•
Endorsed by the CARICOM Heads of Government
in July 2002
•
An intergovernmental specialized agency of
CARICOM with an independent management that is
guided by
The CARICOM Council of Trade and Economic
Development (COTED) on policy matters.
A board of directors with responsibility for
strategic planning.
A technical secretariat headed by an Executive
Director with responsibility for tactical planning.
• The Centre is mandated to coordinate the regional
response to climate change and its efforts to
manage and adapt to its projected impacts.
• The Centre possesses full juridical personality.
• Financially independent
 Operational since
January 2004
 Located in
Belmopan, Belize
Members
●
Antigua and Barbuda
●
Bahamas
●
Barbados
●
Belize
●
Dominica
●
Grenada
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Guyana
●
Haiti
●
Jamaica
●
Suriname
●
Saint Lucia
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St. Kitts and Nevis
●
●
St. Vincent & the
Grenadines
Trinidad and Tobago
Functional Organogram
TECHNICAL
SECRETARIAT
The Centre coordinates the regional
response to climate change and is the
key node on clima te change issues and
the Caribbean's efforts to manage and
adapt to climate change
INTERNATIONAL
COLLABORATING
INSTITUTIONS
OTHER CARICOM
SUPPORTING
INSTITUTIONS
CARIBBEAN
DISASTER
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE
AGENCY
UNIVERSITY
OF THE
WEST INDIES
CARIBBEAN AGRICULTURAL
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
INSTITUTE
CARIBBEAN
ENVIRONMENTAL
HEA LTH
INSTITUTE
UNIVERSITY
OF
BELIZE
CARIBBEAN INSTITUTE
OF
METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY
CUBA INSTITUTE
OF
METEOROLOGY
UNIVERSITY
OF
LOUISVILLE
JAPAN INSTITUTE
OF
METEOROLOGY
UK MET SER VICE
HADLEY CENTRE
POTSDAM INSTITUTE
FOR CLIMATE IMPACT
STUDIES
UN INSTITUTE
FOR
TRAINING & RESEARCH
FLORIDA
INTERNATIONAL
UNIVERSITY
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC)
●
Ultimate Objective: “stabilization of greenhouse
gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level
that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
interference with the climate system…within a
timeframe sufficient to allow eco-systems to
adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that
food production is not threatened and to enable
economic development to proceed in a
sustainable manner.”
UNFCCC – Developed Countries
●
●
●
Commitment - To return individually or jointly to
their 1990 levels of emissions of greenhouse
gases (GHG) by 2000
In fact, their emissions have risen
Developing countries have no such
commitment
Kyoto Protocol
●
●
Parties included in Annex I (developed
countries) shall reduce their overall emissions
of GHGs by at least 5% below their 1990 levels
in the commitment period 2008 to 2012
Came into effect on 16 February 2005 when 50
Parties representing 55% of global GHG
emissions ratified

US withdrew
Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
●
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
●
Methane (CH4)
●
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
●
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
●
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
●
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
Sectors/Source Categories
●
Energy
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Forestry
●
Industrial Processes
●
Agriculture
●
Waste
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Solvent and other product use
Flexibility Mechanisms
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Joint Implementation (Article 4)
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Emissions Trading (Article 6)
●
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (Article
12)
Purpose of the CDM (Article
12.2)
●
●
To assist developing countries in achieving
sustainable development and achieving the
ultimate objective of the Convention
To assist developed countries in achieving
compliance with their quantified emission
limitation and reduction commitments
However…
●
Jamaica only CARICOM country hosting a
CDM project

●
Wind energy
Emissions from CARICOM Members very low:
62,896,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent in
2007

Caribbean: 0.29% of global emissions

Trinidad & Tobago: 0.13% of global emissions

Dominica: <0.01% of global emissions
Estimate of GHG Emissions in the Caribbean in
2007
Global Ranking
Country
CO2 Emissions
(thousands of metric tons)
Global Percentage (%)
69
Trinidad and Tobago
37,037
0.13
86
Jamaica
13,964
0.05
135
Suriname
2,439
0.01
138
Haiti
2,398
0.01
143
Bahamas
2,149
0.01
151
Guyana
1,507
0.01
154
Barbados
1,346
<0.01
177
Antigua and Barbuda
436
<0.01
178
Belize
425
<0.01
182
Saint Lucia
381
<0.01
186
St. Kitts and Nevis
249
<0.01
187
Grenada
242
<0.01
190
St. Vincent and the Grenadines
202
<0.01
200
Dominica
121
<0.01
CDM DNA Capacity Building
Project
●
Pilot component
●
●
Belize, Cuba and Trinidad &Tobago executed
nationally
Regional component

Training workshops

Develop 3 CDM Programme of Activities (PoA)
project concepts PINs and PDDs

Raise awareness of CDM
PoAs
●
Low emissions
●
Small countries
●
Small populations
●
Small economies
●
Low levels of industrialization
●
Result: SMALL PROJECTS
●
ANSWER: Bundling projects: Programmatic
CDM
Opportunities
●
●
Rural Electrification
Demand side Management: Conversion of
incandescent light bulbs to compact fluorescent
●
Municipal electrification by solar power
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Tourism sector
●
Sanitary landfills
●
Afforestation and reforestation
Kyoto Protocol
●
●
●
●
First Commitment Period: 2008- 2012
Art. 3.9: CMP shall initiate consideration of commitments
for subsequent periods at least 7 years before the end of
the first commitment period
2005: CMP established the AWG-KP to define
“subsequent commitment period(s), targets, …)
Negotiations commenced …



New commitment period(s)
New gases?
New sectors?
●

●
●
International aviation and marine transport
New Parties?
What to do about the USA?
No agreement yet…
Future?
●
●
●
●
●
EU will purchase credits from any projects
initiated prior to 31 December 2012
Japan will purchase credits post 2012
EU will purchase credits from LDCs post 2012
for European Trading Scheme (ETS)
Voluntary markets will continue
Mechanisms in Kyoto Protocol incorporated in
any new instrument
RESPONSES
●
MITIGATION 
●
Adaptation –

●
taking measures to reduce GHG emissions into the
atmosphere. Present conc. Of GHG at about 387
ppm – need to get global emissions down to about
350ppm to avoid “runaway CC”
taking measures to lessen the impacts of CC on e.g.
agriculture, infrastructure, buildings, health, water.
Montreal Protocol to phase out ODS
OZONE DEPLETING
SUBSTANCES
●
ChloroFlouroCarbons –CFCs
●
HydroChloroFlouroCarbons –HCFCs
●
Methyl Chloroform
●
Halons – Bromine,Flourine, Carbon
●
Methyl Bromide
●
Carbon Tetrachloride
HydroFlouroCarbons(HFCs) &
PerFlouroCarbons(PFCs) thought to be
good replacements for ODS but are effective
GHGs
Montreal Protocol & Climate
Change
●
●
●
Since 1990 Carbon mitigation benefits of the
Ozone Treaty equivalent of 135 billion tons
carbon dioxide – effect delay of global warming
of 7-12 yrs. (2007)
UNEP Executive Director – re phasing out of
HFCs – action to freeze and then reduce this
group of gases could buy the world the
equivalent of a decades worth of carbon dioxide
emissions
HCFC phase out has potential to produce
significant climate benefits at low cost.
Caribbean Regional Climate
Change Policy
●
●
●
●
Climate Change and the Caribbean: A Regional
Framework for Achieving Development
Resilient to Climate Change (2009-2015)
Approved by CARICOM Heads of Government
in May 2009
4 strategic elements
National consultations for regional action plan
underway
The Framework
●
Strategic Element 1: Mainstream climate
change adaptation strategies into the
sustainable development agendas

Goal 6: Reduce the region’s carbon footprint through
the promotion of energy efficiency measures.
●
●
Caribbean uses 200% more energy per unit of GDP
compared to best practices
Opportunities in lighting, cooling, transportation and
industrial production
The Framework
●
Strategic Element 2: Promote actions to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions through fossil fuel reduction
and conservation and switching to renewable and cleaner
energy sources

Goal 1: Promote the use of renewable energy resources

Goal 2: Support the assessment of wind potential to supply
electricity

Goal 3: Support the development of innovative financing
mechanisms for the deployment of solar water heaters

Goal 4: Assess the feasibility of converting waste to energy

Goal 5: Assess the economic viability of environmental impact of
shore-based Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) plants
The Framework
●
Strategic Element 4: Promote actions to derive
social, economic and environmental benefits
from the prudent management of standing
forests

Goal 1: Promote the adoption of best practices for
sustainable forest management

Goal 2: Engage in negotiations with international
partners to mobilize resources for the protection of
standing forests

Goal 3: Undertake research aimed at improving
current methodologies for estimating carbon
sequestration rates in tropical forests
GREEN BUILDINGS
●
Design for

Efficient lighting
●

Efficient cooling
●
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●
Compact fluorescent bulbs generate less heat
reflective roofs
ventilation
Materials use

Reusable

Renewable (wood)

Recyclabe
GREEN BUILDINGS
●
Design for maximum ventilation – high ceilings,
open verandahs ,shading etc. Unfortunately
security considerations have had significant
impact on modern designs – “Barricade
mentality”
●
Solar water heating, solar cooling.
●
Photovoltaic technology
●
●
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Water conservation devices –waterless
composting toilets
Recycling grey water
Energy conservation (demand & supply side
management)
ENERGY
●
●
Supply side management

Renewables – wind, solar, geothermal, hydro,
cogeneration (Bagasse), landfill gas

Increased efficiency in generating plant – decrease
transmission costs

Policy framework to facilitate private generation
Demand side management
●
●
●
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Energy efficient appliances
Energy saving bulbs
Energy saving devices e.g hotel rooms
Behavioral changes – efficiency measures
Planning Measures
●
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Assignments of new setback limits and enforce
Shoreline vegetation –mangrove restoration,
conservation of wetlands
●
Elevation of building
●
Prohibit building in hazard zones
●
Slope stabilisation
●
Green transport
SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
IS NOT ONLY AN
ENVIRONMENTAL
NECESSITY IT MAKES
ECONOMIC AND
SOCIAL SENSE
CARBON NEUTRAL TOURISM
PROJECT IN THE
CARIBBEAN
●
●
●
●
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Funding by the Inter-American Development
Bank
Pilots in Bahamas, Belize, Guyana, and
Trinidad and Tobago
Adapt ISO methodology to the Caribbean
Train national auditors in use of new
methodology
Ultimate objective: Branding Caribbean Tourism
as Green Destination
Cancun Agreements
●
●
No decision yet on the Kyoto Protocol
Ad Hoc Working Group on Long Term
Commitments (AWG-LCA)

All countries undertake mitigation actions (Funding &
technology to be provided)

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMAs) to
achieve deviation below BAU by 2020

US$30 billion: 2010-2012 for adaptation and
mitigation

US$100 billion: by 2020 for mitigation

Support to be provided for REDD+
Contact Information
●
Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre
(CCCCC), Lawrence Nicholas Building, PO Box
563, Ring Road, Belmopan, Belize
●
www.caribbeanclimate.bz
●
[email protected]
●
[email protected]