Transcript Carbon Management for Sustainable Development: The Case

Globelics 4th PhD School at Lisbon, May 2007
Carbon Management for Sustainable Development:
An Examination of Potential Technological Transition Paths
of the Saudi Arabian System of Innovation to a Cleaner
Energy Economy
Presented by: Noura Mansouri
PhD Student
Materials Department
Unit for Strategic Studies in Nanotechnology
Technology Exploitation and Management Group
Queen Mary, University of London
United Kingdom
Outline
1. Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
a. Carbon emissions since the industrial era
b. The greenhouse effect and global warming
e. Sustainable development
2. Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration
a. CO2 capture
b. CO2 transport
c. CO2 sequestration
d. CCS system
3. Theories: Innovation and Transition
a. Systems of Innovation
b. Transition
4. Methodology: Saudi Arabia as a Case Study
a. Research methods
b. Illustrative Saudi National Systems of Innovation
c. Carbon management in transition paths
Research Questions
• What might be the role of carbon
management technologies in facilitating a
transition in Saudi Arabia’s energy economy
towards sustainability?
• What might be the transition paths in
implementing carbon management
technologies onto Saudi Arabia’s energy
sector and industries over time?
• How might Saudi Arabia’s energy policies
spur innovation in carbon management
technologies?
Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
• Historical recorded carbon dioxide emissions since the industrial era
Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Greenhouse Gas Effect
• Greenhouse effect and global warming
Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Climate Change
• Environmental Linkages
Greater impact
Less impact
Equal impact
Ozone
Depletion
Climate
Change
Desertification
Biodiversity
Loss
W ater
Forestry
Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
• Definition
• “Development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs” - Brutland Commission
• Live responsibly
• Balances
the
three
keys
of
economy, environment and society.
sustainable
development:
Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Keys of Sustainable Development
Transportation
Ozone
Depletion
Biodiversity
Loss
Carbon
Lock-in
Forestry
Climate
Change
Electricity
P ower
Generation
W ater
Desertification
Economic
Inertia
CCS
Environmental
Mother Earth
Sustainable
Development
Social
Background: Climate Change and Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
S oci al
Empowerment
Inclusionand Consultation
Governance
Biodiversity
Natural Resources
P ollu tion
En vironme n tal
Econ omi c
Dime n si on sof
S u stai n ab
le
De velopme n t
Growth
Effi ciency
Stability
Infrastructure
P olicies
Regulations
In sti tu ti onla
Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
CCS
• Definition:
• CCS is a process consisting of the separation of CO2 from industrial and
energy-related sources, transport to a storage location and long-term isolation
from the atmosphere.
• The technology of CCS constitutes of three stages:
Carbon Capture
Carbon Transport
Carbon Sequestration/Storage
• Capture of CO2 can be applied to large point sources. The CO2 would then
be compressed and transported for storage in geological formations, in the
ocean, in mineral carbonates , or for use in industrial processes.
IPCC, 2005
Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
Carbon Sequestration - Geological
• Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable
formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found.
saline
Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
CCS System
Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
CCS System
• The net reduction of emissions to the atmosphere through CCS
depends on the fraction of CO2 captured, the increased CO2
production resulting from loss in overall efficiency of power plants
or industrial processes due to the additional energy required for
capture, transport and storage, any leakage from transport and the
fraction of CO2 retained in storage over the long term.
Technology:Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
CCS System Technology Status
Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
CCS System Global Locations
Location of sites where activities relevant to CO2 storage are planned or under way.
Technology: Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS)
Mineral Carbonation
Theories: Innovation and Transitions
Systems of Innovation
• National System of Innovation:
• Freeman, Lundvall, Nelson, Edquist, Metcalfe etc.
• Sectoral System of Innovation
• Franco Malerba
• Technological System of Innovation
• Thomas Hughes, Bo Carlsson
Theories: Innovation and Transitions
Systems of Innovation
• Innovation System framework to be applied is an intersection:
Theories: Innovation and Transitions
Transition
• Technological Transition:
• Multi-level Perspective (Kemp and Geels, 2004)
• Socio-technical System (Geels, 2002, 2006)
Theories: Innovation and Transitions
Transition
Source: Geels, 2002
Methodology: Case Study
Why Saudi Arabia?
• World’s largest oil reserves:
• Benefit from the global carbon lock-in
• Sustainable oil demands
• Tackle the environmental concern by pursuing “cleaner” energy
• Sustainable Development - should be the ultimate objective
internationally
• Retain a strong position in the global energy markets
Methodology: Research Methods
Data Collection
• Primary Data:
• Governmental reports
• Existing literature and case studies
• Secondary Data:
• Saudi government authorities, companies, and academics
• Semi-structured in-depth interviews
• Email correspondence
• Phone interviews
Innovation
Degree of
maturity
and
deployment
of potential
Oil Prices
Oil Depletion
Geopolitics
Climate
Change
Policies
Hydrocarbons
CCS
Radical
Innovation
Technol
ogy
Trajectory
Defined
Wind
Nuclear
Solar
fusion
PV
Incremental
Innovations
Sociotechnical
Regime
Meso level
Early Optimization
Technological
Niches
Micro level
Trajectory
Disturbed
Science
K
S
A
N
S
I
Diminishing Returns
to Innovation
Time
Systematic application of innovation
criteria
Markets
Culture
Fuel cell
?
Cleaner
Hydrocarbons
Landscape
Developments
Macro level
Policy
KEY
CCS: Carbon Capture and Sequestration
KSA: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
NSI: National Systems of Innovation
SI: Systems of Innovation
PV: Photovoltaic
KSA
NSI
Energy
Sectoral
SI
Technol
ogical
SI
Methodology: Theory Application
An Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi
Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy
Markets
Culture
Science
KSA
NSI
Policy
Technology
KSA
NSI
Energy
Sectoral
SI
Technologi
cal SI
Methodology: Theory Application
An Illustrative Technological Transition of the Saudi
Arabian’s NSI to a Cleaner Energy Economy
Innovation
Oil Prices
Oil Depletion
Geopolitics
Climate
Change
Policies
?
Cleaner
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons
Diminishing
Returns to
Innovation
Landscape
Developments
Macro level
Incremental
Innovations
CCS
Radical
Innovation
Fuel cell
Trajectory
Defined
Wind
Nuclear
Solar
fusion
PV
Trajectory
Disturbed
Early Optimization
Time
Socio-technical
Regime
Meso level
Technological Niches
Micro level
Macroeconomic and Regulatory
Context
Education and
Training System
Com m unication
Infrastructures
Global Innovation Network
Knowledg e Genera tio n, Dif f usio n and Use
Saudi Aramco
MaÕaden
Industrial
Pillars
SAGIA
KACST
Supporting
Institutions
Universities
Clusters of Industries
Regional Innovation System
SABIC
Private Sector
National Innovation System
P roduct Market
Conditions
Factor Market
Conditions
National Innovation Capacity
• Actors and Linkages in
the Saudi Arabian NSI
(Source: Author, derived
from OECD, 1999)
Saudi ArabiaÕsPerformance
Growth, Job Creation,Competitiveness
Conclusion
1. Expected Theorertical Contributions
1. The merging of NSI + SSI + TSI in Transition Paths
2. Expected Practical Contributions
1. National System of Innovation in Saudi Arabia
2. CCS Technological System of Innovation
3. Saudi Energy Sectoral Innovation System
4. Transition Paths to Sustainability in Saudi Arabia
Obrigada!
•
Thanks for your attention..