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Climate Change Mitigation through Forestry: Approaches, Methods and Issues Doris Capistrano Ford Foundation 24 Sept 2002 International Global Multilateral Continental National Biome State/Provincial Regional Municipal Village Family Individual Landscape Human ecosystem interactions Ecosystem Plot Plant Ecological and environmental Policy & Socio-economic Human scales and ecological scales: Interactions generally occur at the local scale. Climate Change Mitigation through Forestry Carbon conservation through reduction of deforestation, sustainable forest management Carbon sequestration through reforestation, plantations, agro and urban forestry Carbon offsets through fossil fuel substitution, increased energy efficiency, recycling forest products Climate mitigation activities, mitigation potential, benefits and impacts Activities, practices management systems Carbon sequestration or emission reduction potential Bio-diversity conservation Socio economic benefits Carbon conservation Deforestation reduction through policy changes Formation of protected areas Sustainable Forest Mgt Fire protection techniques Reduced impact logging +++ +++ ++ +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + +++ + Low positive impact ++ Medium Positive Impact +++ High Positive Impact Source: Ravindranath and Sathaye (2002) Climate mitigation activities, mitigation potential, benefits and impacts Activities, practices management systems Carbon sequestration or emission reduction potential Bio-diversity conservation Socio economic benefits Carbon sequestration Afforestation Reforestation Industrial Plantations Agroforestry Urban forestry ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ Source: Ravindranath and Sathaye (2002) ++ ++ +++ ++ ++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++ Mitigation options and mitigation potential (t C/ha) in India estimated using COMAP Model Mitigation options Natural regeneration Enhanced natural regeneration* Agro-forestry Community Woodlot Softwood Forestry Timber Forestry • • Mitigation potential 62.0 87.5 25.4 75.8 80.1 120.6 Natural regeneration is increasing the biomass density to that of closed forests on partially degraded open forest areas; assisted or enhanced natural regeneration involves planting trees and/soil and water conservation to facilitate natural regeneration. Source: Ravindranath and Sathaye (2002) Considerations for Mitigation through Forestry Forestry as part of larger socio-ecological landscapes Cost effectiveness, transactions costs, incentive compatibility and practicality Recognition of diversity of systems of knowledge Distribution of benefits and burden, including intergenerational equity (ethics of discounting) India’s Carbon Balance in 1986 India’s gross emissions from deforestation until 1986 estimated at 64 x 10 (6) tC But no net emissions since equivalent carbon sequestered through: Natural regeneration Forest succession and Plantations Source: D.N. Pandey (2002) India’s Current Carbon Balance Rate of deforestation now below the rate of afforestation Recent assessments by Forest Survey of India show a net increase in forest cover Significant share of the improvement due to forest protection by communities Current Status of Forest Cover 900,000 800,000 763,300 700,000 Area in sq km 637,263 600,000 500,000 400,000 321,983 300,000 140,954 200,000 156,006 100,000 0 Forest Land Actual Forest Cover Village Forest Area Total Area under JFM National Park/Sanctuaries Coverage of JFM 180,000 170,379 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 63,618 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Number of villages having forests Number of FPCs Issues Incentives for long term carbon sequestration (tenure security, ancestral domain rights) Managing landscapes, not just forests (people as intrinsic part of landscape maintenance) From participation to leadership (implications for capacity building) Reaching scale for effective forest management and renegotiation of share from resulting benefits International Global Multilateral Continental National Biome State/Provincial Regional Municipal Village Family Individual Landscape Human ecosystem interactions Ecosystem Plot Plant Ecological and environmental Policy & Socio-economic Human scales and ecological scales: Interactions generally occur at the local scale.