Transcript Document
Why economic valuation of Hima can be useful Richard Thomas ELD Scientific Coordinator at United Nations University-Institute for Water, Health & Environment Challenge How to: 1. Encourage investments in Hima-type systems for rangelands 2. Value rangelands properly 3. Devise schemes to reward improvement & maintenance of Ecosystem Services Categorisation of ecosystems services: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment framework The economic value of an ecosystem is the sum of economic values derived from individual services flows – Provisioning services, e.g. food, timber and freshwater supply – Regulating services, e.g. pollution reduction, water flow regulation – Cultural services, e.g. aesthetic and spiritual values – Supporting services, e.g. soil formation and nutrient cycling* Total Economic Value of Land And Land-based Services Use Value Direct Use Value Food, fibres and timber production (provisioning); Carbon storage (regulating); Tourism, recreational hunting (cultural) Non-use Value Indirect Use Value Option Value Existence Value Bequest Value Stewardship Value Pollination (provisioning); Watershed protection, flood attenuation, pollution assimilation (regulating and cultural); Nutrient cycling, micro-climate (supporting) Premium from use of biodiversity resources by pharmaceutical industry in the future (provisioning); Area that becomes of recreational value (cultural); Area used for waste recycling (regulating) Biodiversity hotspot, symbolic species, eg blue whale, tiger, panda, mountain gorillas (cultural) Land passed onto our children (cultural) Land maintained in good working conditions for both humans and their surrounding ecosystems For each ecosystem, there is at least one study that can act as a starting point wetlands valleys urban tropical forests rangelands plains mountains and highlands and uplands hills grasslands and pastures freshwater and water bodies forests and woodlands (non tropical) floodplains non-arid farmland dunes desert coastal arid and semi-arid farmland all ecosystems in a given geographical area Number of resources State of knowledge: Ecosystems Benefits of investing in Ecosystem restoration Source: de Groot et al 2013 Mean TEV of grasslands = $2871/ha Rangelands contribute to global issues 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Climate change Desertification – loss of productivity Wind erosion and sand storms Biodiversity Water regulation & storage Scale Environmental services supplied Benefits Monitoring Increased carbon sequestration Mitigation of climate change International community/countries, private companies Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity Enhanced resource base for future generation Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies Survey of key eco-indicators Dust storm reductions Improved air quality and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems Urban populations, tourism industry, government Remote sensing Increased aquifer recharge Increased water availability Water users Groundwater levels, groundwater use Flood reduction Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages Conserve livestock productivity Local herders Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring Global National Beneficiaries/ demanders Increased water productivity Local Decrease of soil reduction Increase dplant biomass Scale Environmental services supplied Beneficiaries/ demanders Monitoring Increased carbon sequestration Mitigation of climate change International community/countries private companies Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity Enhanced resource base for future generation Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies Survey of key ecoindicators Dust storm reductions Improved air quality and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems Urban populations, tourism industry, government Remote sensing Increased aquifer recharge Increased water availability Water users Groundwater levels, groundwater use Flood reduction Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population Conserve livestock productivity Local herders Global National Benefits Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages Increased water productivity Local Decrease of soil reduction Increased plant biomass Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring Scale Environmental services supplied Beneficiaries/ demanders Monitoring Increased carbon sequestration Mitigation of climate change International community/countries, private companies Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity Enhanced resource base for future generation Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies Survey of key eco-indicators Dust storm reductions Improved air quality and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems Urban populations, tourism industry, government Remote sensing Increased aquifer recharge Increased water availability Water users Groundwater levels, groundwater use Flood reduction Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages Conserve livestock productivity Local herders Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring Global National Benefits Increased water productivity Local Decrease of soil reduction Increased plant biomass Scale Global National Environmental services supplied Benefits Beneficiaries/ demanders Monitoring Increased carbon sequestration Mitigation of climate change International community/countries, private companies Soil sampling, eddy flux towers, static chambers, vegetation cover by remote sensing Enhanced plant and animal biodiversity Enhanced resource base for future generation Conservation groups, tourism industry, private companies Survey of key eco-indicators Dust storm reductions Improved air quality and health, decreased maintenance costs in infrastructure, industry, and damages in agricultural production systems Urban populations, tourism industry, government Remote sensing Increased aquifer recharge Increased water availability Water users Groundwater levels, groundwater use Flood reduction Decreased damage of infrastructure (roads, reservoirs) , crops, and houses State (public infrastructure), utility companies, downstream population Stage heights at hydraulic structures, reservoir siltation, infrastructure damages Conserve livestock productivity Increased/maintained biodiversity Local herders Biomass survey, soil sampling, stocking rate monitoring Increased water productivity Local Decrease of soil degradation Increased plant biomass Technical options for preventing degradation & restoring rangelands • • • • • Controlled grazing via improved integrated range-livestock systems Water & erosion control Soil fertility improvement Plant introductions and seeding (Cactus, Atriplex, Buffel grass, Salsola, Halaxyon) Reforestation Hunshandake Sandland Project, China Replacing ruminants with chickens the Inner Mongolia Government agreed to provide an amount of 100 million CHY (16 million US) to study the scientific and social key problems in an eco-husbandry region Meanwhile, CAS has approved a project amounted 9 million CHY (1.4 million US) to explore the technological issues in limiting the construction of the largest Ecohusbandry Industry Special Region Challenges • Land tenure & access • Schemes that fit the local financial (opportunity costs), production & risk management strategies • Institutional issues for collective rangeland management • Reduced search & negotiation, monitoring & enforcement costs Conclusions • • • • A TEV approach can raise awareness & investment in Hima Success stories in participatory management Rangelands can contribute to solutions of local to global problems Himas can act as innovation platforms for ecological sustainability, social fairness and economic growth