Transcript Water statistics - ACS - United Nations Economic Commission for

Water statistics, accounts
and indicators
United Nations
Economic Commission for Africa
Jeremy Webb
African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC), UNECA
Part of the ClimDev-Africa Programme
Introduction
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Water defined
Water and climate change
Organising water statistics, accounts and
indicators
• International Recommendations for Water
Statistics
• System of Environmental and Economic
Accounts for Water (SEEA-W)
• ECA, UNSD, UNEP Water indicators
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The African Climate Policy Centre and the
ClimDev-Africa Programme
Summary and conclusions
Why is water important
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A human can only live a few days at
maximum without water
Water is needed for sanitary purposes
Plants and animals need water to grow
and survive
Many industries need water for industrial
processes
Water definition
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Water is a colourless, tasteless and odourless chemical
substance composed of one oxygen atom and two
hydrogen atoms with the chemical formula H2O.
In most cases water contains other dissolved chemicals
that affect the colour, taste, odour, acidity and
conductivity of water.
In water statistics, water refers to water and any
dissolved, suspended or other chemicals or materials
carried in the water (e.g. water includes saltwater and
polluted water).
Water
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Water has a number of special properties that make it essential for
life, sanitation, and many industrial processes.
Water is a super solvent as it can dissolve many other chemicals for
example salt, sugar and even stone.
Because of this property water is essential for life on earth as all
organisms use water to transport chemicals within their bodies.
Water is also used in many industrial processes to dissolve,
transport or remove soluble chemicals, and in households water is
used for hygiene and sanitation as it can dissolve and remove waste
and germs.
Water has a high specific heat capacity which means water is able
to absorb a lot more heat than most other chemicals.
Water also has a high thermal conductivity meaning it can absorb
and release heat very quickly, making water suitable for use as a
coolant.
Water
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The abundance of water in the environment (mainly as salt water in
seas and oceans) coupled with its high specific heat capacity and
high thermal conductivity means water is an essential component for
the regulation of energy and climate on earth.
Water’s high specific heat capacity also makes water highly suitable
for transporting energy for example by steam.
Water has a high surface tension allowing it to move into soils, roots,
and through very small blood vessels in animals.
Water has many other physical and chemical properties.
Information on these properties is available from the internet and
other sources
Freshwater vs saltwater
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The distinction between freshwater and saltwater is an important
consideration in water statistics.
The International Glossary of Hydrology defines freshwater as
naturally occurring water having a low concentration of salts, or
generally accepted as suitable for abstraction and treatment to
produce potable water. (ISO/6107).
However, an international standard for the definition of fresh
water in terms of the salt content (e.g. in parts per million, grams
per litre or electrolytic conductivity) is not available although
there is a considerable body of practice (e.g. engineering,
agricultural and other practices).
Different countries have different definitions regarding salinity.
• For example the definition of freshwater in the USA and Canada is
water with a concentration of salt of less than 1,000 parts per million,
while in Australia it is water with a salt concentration of less than 500
parts per million UNESCO-IHE, Freshwater
http://www.cig.ensmp.fr/~hubert/glu/HINDEN.HTM
African climate change water scenarios:
there is a lot of uncertainty
Changes in surface water
supply across Africa with
Predicted Climate
Change
Will there be increases or
decreases in available water?
Small changes in temperature will see
average river flows and water
availability increase by 10-40% in
some regions, while in others there
will be a decrease of 10-30%
Example: Blue Nile GCM downscaling
Precipitation
Potential ET
Source: Maartin de Wit and Jacek Stankiewicz
www.scienceexpress.org/2March2006/Page1/10.1126/science1119929
Actual ET
Runoff
There is a need to monitor water resources along with water
availability, access and use across Africa
10 models show likely decrease of runoff while 7 shows like increase of runoff
The SEEA and supporting suite of
publications
Energy balances
Other water statistics
SEEA
Systems frameworks
SEEA-W
SEEA-E
Output
frameworks
Input
frameworks
Cross
functional
frameworks
Intermediate frameworks
e.g. IRWS
e.g. IRES
Compilation Material
Compilation Material
ISIC, CPC, Asset Classification, Class. of
Environmental Activities, Class. of Physical Flows etc
Data
Data Quality Assessment Frameworks
Metadata and documentation (e.g. SDMX)
Water statistics and accounts
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SEEA-W
• The SEEA-W was developed by UNSD and the Water
Subgroup of the London Group on Environmental
Accounts
• The SEEA-W was adopted as an Interim International
Statistical Standard at the 38th Session of the UN
Statistical Commission, 2007
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IRWS
• The IRWS was developed by an Expert Group on Water
Statistics
• Part 1 of the IRWS was adopted as international
recommendations at the 41st Session of the UN
Statistical Commission, 2010
• Part 2 of the IRWS was endorsed as supplementary
guidance at the same Statistical Commission
Water statistics and accounts:
recommendations and standards
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International Recommendations for Water
Statistics (IRWS)
• Classifies water data items (i.e. water
variables)
• Shows the link between these data items and:
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the standard tables of the SEEA-W
international water indicators
System of Environmental and Economic
Accounts for Water (SEEA-W)
• Provides a framework for organising water
statistics
• Uses a systems approach and classifies data in
terms of stocks and flows
Water Accounts
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Atmosphere
Inland Water Resource System
Surface water
upstream
basins and
aquifers
outside
the territory
of reference
Soil water
(reservoirs, lakes, rivers,
snow, ice and glaciers)
Natural transfers
(e.g. infiltration,
seepage, etc.)
Inflows
downstream
basins and
aquifers
outside
the territory
of reference
Outflows
Collection of
precipitation
Sea
Returns
Sea
Abstraction
Groundwater
Evapotranspiration
Returns
Abstraction
Returns
Sewerage
Households
Other Industries
(incl. Agriculture)
Rest of
the World
Economy
Imports
Water collection,
treatment and supply
Exports
Economy
Rest of
the World
Economy
Linking flows with stocks
Opening stocks
+ stocks
Flows
- stocks
Closing stocks
Natural processes
+ Precipitation
+ Inflows
Human activities
+ Returns
Natural processes
- Evapotranspiration
- Outflows
Human activities
- Abstraction
Physical water assets: Standard Table XII
physical units
EA.131 Surface water
EA.1311
Reservoirs
EA.1312
Lakes
EA.1313
Rivers
EA.1314
Snow, Ice
and Glaciers
EA.132
Groundwater
EA.133
Soil
water
Total
Opening Stocks
Increases in stocks
Returns from the economy
Precipitation
Inflows
Precipitation
Transpiration
from upstream territories
(dew, mist, rain, sleet, hail,
snow)
from other resources in t territory
Decreases in stocks
Evaporation
Abstraction
Surface water
(rivers, lakes, glaciers)
of which Sustainable use
Evaporation/Actual evapotranspiration
Soilwater
Outflows
to downstream territories
to the sea
to other resources in the territory
Other changes in volume
Closing Stocks
Sea/ocean
Groundwater
(aquifers)
Evaporation
Infiltratio
n
Basic concepts and
definitions
Evapotranspiration
From the
environment
(abstraction)
Consumption
Use
From
another
economic
unit
Economic activity/
Households
Consumption
To the
environment
(returns)
Supply
To another
economic
unit
Physical water use: Standard Table I
Energy
Industries (by ISIC categories)
533,
4143
35
36
U1 - Total abstraction (=a.1+a.2=
b.1+b.2):
a.1- Abstraction for own use
a.2- Abstraction for distribution
From the
environm
ent
b.1- From water resources:
Surface water
Groundwater
Soil water
b.2- From other sources
Collection of precipitation
Abstraction from the sea
Within the
economy
U2 - Use of water received from other
economic units
U=U1+U2 - Total use of water
Includes green water
37
38,
39,
4599
Tot
al
Physical units
Total
1-3
Services
Rest of the
world
Agriculture
Sewerage
Households
Mining and manufacture
Water supply
Physical water supply: Standard Table II
Physical units
Industries (by ISIC categories)
1-3
Within the
economy
S1 - Supply of water to other economic
units
of which: Reused water
Wastewater to sewerage
S2 - Total returns (= d.1+d.2)
d.1- To water resources
To the
environm
ent
Surface water
Groundwater
Soil water
d.2- To other sources (e.g. Sea water)
S - Total supply of water (= S1+S2)
Consumption (U - S)
533,
4143
35
36
37
38,
39,
4599
Tot
al
Ho
use
hol
ds
Res
t of
the
worl
d
Tot
al
Hybrid water use: Standard Table VI
Physical and monetary units
Intermediate consumption of industries (by ISIC
categories)
Actual final consumption
35
1-3
Total intermediate consumption and
use (monetary units)
of which: Natural water (CPC 1800)
Sewerage services (CPC 941)
Total value added (monetary units)
Total use of water (physical units)
U1 - Total Abstraction
of which: a.1- Abstraction for own use
U2 - Use of water received from other
economic units
533,
4143
Tot
al
of
which:
Hydro
Households
36
37
38,
39,
4599
Total
industry
Final
cons
ump
tion
expe
nditu
res
Soci
al
trans
fers
in
kind
from
Gove
rnme
nt
and
NPIS
Hs
Total
Gover
nment
Capital
formatio
n
Ex
por
ts
Tot
al
use
s at
pur
cha
ser’
s
pric
e
SEEAW
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The system defines what
should be accounted for
By using the SEEAW:
• Any gaps are obvious
• Water data is integrated
with economic data
• Water data can by used
with economic data and
employment data for:
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integrated water
management purposes
policy analysis
policy monitoring
other
Individual environment statistics or
indicators
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Often developed to
address individual
issues or questions
Often not easy to
relate to other
issues
Often not able to
be integrated with
economic statistics
Difficult to be sure
all relevant
information is
included
Environmental Accounts
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Help to make sense
of the entire picture
Water statistics, accounts and
audiences
Information pyramid
Macro data
Micro data
Increasing aggregation of information
Water
indicators
Water
accounts
Audiences
e.g. Decision makers, and the
general public, managers analysts
and researchers
Other
statistical
compilations
Water statistics
e.g. basic aggregates at the data item level, time series
Amount of data
e.g. data regarding water resources, water supply and
sanitation, or economic activities and water
e.g. Managers, analysts and
researchers
e.g. Researchers and
others conducting detailed
analytical research
Indicators
Indicators are:
 used to synthesise and present complex
information
 a means of summarizing, simplifying and
communicating information to:
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decision makers,
policy analysts,
researchers,
the business community
the general public.
used to make comparisons, e.g.:
• over time
• between areas - countries, river basins or provinces
• between industries
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used to identify and monitor factors that lead to
the better management e.g. of water resources
Indicators
Indicators
flag problems
Data capture
and compilation
Data
collection
Water resources,
availability, access etc
Data products
e.g. water indicators,
tables, balances and
accounts
Indicators
Statistics
and other
information
Action or
inaction
Other more detailed water
statistics are required to analyze
and understand the problem
Water accessibility
Proportion of population using an
improved drinking water source [MDG]
MDG/ CSD/NEPAD/Other
% of population connected to public
water supply
NEPAD/Other
Source: the core list of environment indicators – ECA, UNSD, UNEP following ECOWAS
Water quantity
Proportion of total water resources used MDG/ CSD/NEPAD/Other
[MDG]
Ratio of external renewable water
resources to total renewable water
resources
Other
Total annual renewable water resources NEPAD/Other
per capita
Change in surface water discharge
NEPAD
Annual groundwater recharge
NEPAD/Other
Source: the core list of environment indicators – ECA, UNSD, UNEP following ECOWAS
Water quality (pollution)
Emissions of organic water pollutants (BOD) total/per
worker
NEPAD/Other
Biochemical oxygen demand in water bodies [CSD]
CSD/NEPAD/Other
Chemical oxygen demand in water bodies
Other
Average annual concentration of total phosphorus in
lakes and rivers
NEPAD/Other
Average annual concentration of total dissolved
solids/sediment flux in lakes and rivers
NEPAD/Other
Average annual concentration of total nitrogen in lakes NEPAD/Other
and rivers
Average annual concentration of dissolved oxygen in
lakes and rivers
NEPAD/Other
Presence of faecal coliforms in freshwater [CSD]
CSD/Other
Source: the core list of environment indicators – ECA, UNSD, UNEP following ECOWAS
Water usage
Total annual water use per capita
NEPAD/Other
% of (change in amount/volume)
freshwater used for domestic use,
irrigation, industry
NEPAD/Other
Water use intensity by economic
activity [CSD]
CSD/Other
Source: the core list of environment indicators – ECA, UNSD, UNEP following ECOWAS
Water borne diseases (bilharzias,
river blindness, sleeping sickness,
etc)
Incidence of water borne
diseases
NEPAD/Other
Source: the core list of environment indicators – ECA, UNSD, UNEP following ECOWAS
Water management issues
Developed national & river basin IWRM
plans
NEPAD
Wastewater treatment [CSD]
CSD/Other
% of population connected to wastewater
collecting system
Other
Volume of treated wastewater for domestic
use
Other
Amount/volume of disposal of wastewater
into wetlands
NEPAD
% of treated waste water produced from
wetlands
NEPAD
Source: the core list of environment indicators – ECA, UNSD, UNEP following ECOWAS
Water availability
Urban water supply from dams
NEPAD
Abstraction from boreholes for
domestic use in rural/urban
settings (per capita yield)
NEPAD
Source: the core list of environment indicators – ECA, UNSD, UNEP following ECOWAS
African Climate Policy Centre
Our goal:
 Making development more sustainable and managing
associated climate risks, for the benefit of the majority of
Africans
What we do:
 Undertake activities that inform decision making at
various levels on how do achieve this
The African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC) is:
 Based at UNECA in Addis Ababa
 Part of the Climate for Development of Africa
programme (ClimDev-Africa)
ClimDev-Africa Programme
Meetings of the Chief Executives of the
AUC, ECA and AfDB
Programme Steering Committee (PSC)
(AUC, UNECA, AfDB and others)
Technical
Advisory Panel
Stakeholder
forums
African Climate
Policy Centre
(ACPC)
ClimDevAfrica
Special Fund
(CDSF)
Climate Change and
Desertification Unit
(CCDU)
e.g. Climate
Change and Dev.
Conf. & other
forums/platforms
Regional / sub-regional level
RECs/SROs, Regional/Sub-Regional Climate
Institutions, RBOs, Research Institutions
National level
NMHSs, Sectoral Actors (public
sector, private sector, civil society)
Work programme
The ACPC has three broad areas of
activity:
1. Knowledge generation, sharing and
networking
2. Advocacy and consensus building
3. Advisory services and technical
cooperation
Knowledge generation…
The ACPC is addressing:
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African challenges and opportunities for climate finance, including:
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Mitigation in the context of Africa, including:
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the implementation of AMCEN sub-regional and national adaptation strategies
the creation of an adaptation and vulnerability knowledge base,
an assessment of the economics of climate adaptation in Africa (AdaptCost)
Technology transfer, including:
•
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the development of national or sub-regional strategies on low carbon economy
Adaptation, including:
•
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Fast Start Finance
The Green Climate Fund
Long Term Financing
a technology transfer needs assessment that maps out models of technology transfer
for Africa
Its website, including:
•
the development of a knowledge management platform to:
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support climate policy discussions
act as a hub for climate change and policy communities
Advocacy…
The ACPC will:
 Hold a Climate Change and Development
Conference to:
• enhance awareness on climate change in Africa
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Prepare for, and participate in, the Conference of
Parties to the Convention on Climate Change 17
(COP17) with the aim of ensuring:
• Africa's key concerns in climate change are brought to
the fore
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Develop a communications strategy to ensure:
• Climate and development information is targeted and
makes it to all relevant audiences
Capacity mobilisation…
The ACPC will:
 Evaluate and enhance climate information
systems across Africa, such as:
• hydrological and meteorological data
and information systems
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Strengthen Measurement, Reporting and
Verification (MRV) systems across Africa
Establish a fellowship programme
Summary
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For water indicators, accounts and statistics, there
are international statistical standards,
recommendations and guidance available
• The SEEA-W applies a systems approach to organising
water statistics including monetary data
• The IRWS provides:
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a list of data items with codes and definitions
formulas for calculation water indicators
the link to the SEEA-W standard tables and the data items
ECOWAS along with NEPAD, the ACS, UNSD and
UNEP have proposed a set of water indicators
Indicators flag issues, more detailed data and
information are required to analyse and understand
these issues
Improvements in basic data coupled with the IRWS,
SEEA-W and indicator frameworks afford the
opportunity to better understand and monitor water
Thank you
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Contact:
• Jeremy Webb
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[email protected]
UNSD
• Environmental Accounting
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[email protected]
• Environment Statistics
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[email protected]
For more information on water statistics, accounts and
indicators please see:
• The IRWS
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http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/irws/
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/statcom/doc10/BG-WaterStats.pdf
• The SEEA-W
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http://unstats.un.org/unsd/envaccounting/seeaw.asp