Transcript High quality observations are essential for atmospheric

Ma terials Sci ence & Technolog y
Global Atmosphere Watch
High quality observations
are essential for atmospheric sciences
Jörg Klausen*, Gerhard Müller§
*Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland
§MeteoSwiss, Zürich, Switzerland
Overview
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Background
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Mission, objectives
 The GAW strategic plan 2008-2015
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GAW Observations
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GAW Global station network
 GAW – More than the Global network
 GAW – A cooperative network beyond NMHSs (the Swiss implementation)
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GAW Quality System
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Design
 Implementation
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GAW Data Management
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Data access policy
 GAW Data – Archives, discovery and retrieval
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Application of GAW Observations
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Monitoring and predicting carbon dioxide flux (CarbonTracker)
 Reducing uncertainties of climate change predictions due to aerosol research
 Verifying emissions of ozone-depleting substances in China
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW Rationale
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Need to understand and control the increasing human influence on
the global atmosphere and biogeochemical cycles.
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Need to mitigate socio-economic consequences relating to
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weather,
climate,
human and ecosystem health,
water supply and quality,
agricultural productivity.
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW Mission
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Reduce environmental risks to society and meet the requirements of
environmental conventions.
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Strengthen capabilities to predict climate, weather and air quality.
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Contribute to scientific assessments in support of environmental
policy.
through
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Maintaining and applying global, long-term observations of the
chemical composition and selected physical characteristics of the
atmosphere.
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Emphasizing quality assurance and quality control.
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Delivering integrated products and services of relevance to users.
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW Main Long-Term Objectives
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Develop GAW into a three-dimensional network
through integration of all kinds of atmospheric
observations from surface to space
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Start delivering data in near real time by using
WMO GTS/WIS
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Merge all activities from the observation to the
users application into coherent data processing
chains related to a GAW quality management
system
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Support assimilation of the essential climate
variables in atmospheric transport and numerical
weather prediction models
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Observations
Data Management
Applications
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Foundations of GAW
Scientific Stewardship
Coordination
Oversight
Network design
SAG
JSC
OPAG-EPAC
Primary Standard
Traceability of Observation
Quality System
Measurement Guidelines/SOPs
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Audits
PS CCL
WCC RCC
QA/SAC
Observations
World-wide
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
WDC
ET-WDC
GAWSIS
Data Management
Data and Metadata Archive
Observational Network Analysis
Data Analysis Centre
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Strategic Plan for GAW 2008-2015
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Organizational Components
Observing Systems
Quality Assurance
Data Management
Integration and Application of
Observations
GAW Focal Areas
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[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
Ozone
Greenhouse Gases
Reactive Gases
Atmospheric Wet Deposition
UV Radiation
Aerosols
GURME (Urban GAW)
Outreach
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Overview
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Background
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Mission, objectives
 The GAW strategic plan 2008-2015

GAW Observations

GAW Global station network
 GAW – More than the Global network
 GAW – A cooperative network beyond NMHSs (the Swiss implementation)

GAW Quality System

Design
 Implementation

GAW Data Management

Data access policy
 GAW Data – Archives, discovery and retrieval

Application of GAW Observations

Monitoring and predicting carbon dioxide flux (CarbonTracker)
 Reducing uncertainties of climate change predictions due to aerosol research
 Verifying emissions of ozone-depleting substances in China
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW Global Stations
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW – More than the ‘Global’ Network
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Regional and contributing fixed stations
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Commercial aircraft
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~410 active Regional GAW stations
~93 active Contributing stations
~230 inactive stations
Mozaic
Caribic
IAGOS
Ships
Satellites
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW – A cooperative network beyond NMHSs
The Swiss Implementation
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Legislation on the federal level
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Mandate for MeteoSwiss to
organize a national GAW
programme
National activities
National Program
Radiation
Meteorology
Lidar
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Regular call for proposals
 Research and monitoring by
universities, national labs,
private foundations and
MeteoSwiss
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Ma terials Sci ence & Technolog y
International activities
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Funding of GAW Central
Facilities
Twinning of stations
Contributions to GAW SAGs
Internat’l Program
Ma terials Sci ence & Technolog y
Reactive Gases
GHGs
WCC
QA/SAC
SAG, ET
Twinning
WCC
RCC
Aerosols
-composition
-growth
-ice nuclei
SAG
SAG
Water vapour
GHGs
Lidar
Twinning
Expertise
Data
Data
Expertise
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Periodic review of progress
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Overview

Background

Mission, objectives
 The GAW strategic plan 2008-2015

GAW Observations

GAW Global station network
 GAW – More than the Global network
 GAW – A cooperative network beyond NMHSs (the Swiss implementation)

GAW Quality System

Design
 Implementation

GAW Data Management

Data access policy
 GAW Data – Archives, discovery and retrieval

Application of GAW Observations

Monitoring and predicting carbon dioxide flux (CarbonTracker)
 Reducing uncertainties of climate change predictions due to aerosol research
 Verifying emissions of ozone-depleting substances in China
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW Quality System: Design
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Traceability to a single primary standard
(linked to BIPM whenever possible)
Statement of measurement uncertainty
System and performance audits
(http://www.bipm.org/.../JCGM_100_2008_E.pdf)
(WMO 2008, GAW Report No.172)
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
(Buchmann et al., 2009, Chimia)
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GAW Quality System: Implementation
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Documentation in GAW
reports
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System- and performance
audit reports
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Inter-comparison campaigns
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NOAA / CSIRO / SCRIPPS for
GHG
 GAW PFR / AERONET /
SKYNET for AOD
 BIPM key intercomparisons for
ozone
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Overview

Background

Mission, objectives
 The GAW strategic plan 2008-2015

GAW Observations

GAW Global station network
 GAW – More than the Global network
 GAW – A cooperative network beyond NMHSs (the Swiss implementation)

GAW Quality System

Design
 Implementation

GAW Data Management

Data access policy
 GAW Data – Archives, discovery and retrieval

Application of GAW Observations

Monitoring and predicting carbon dioxide flux (CarbonTracker)
 Reducing uncertainties of climate change predictions due to aerosol research
 Verifying emissions of ozone-depleting substances in China
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW Data Policy
Use of data obtained from one of the WMO/GAW World Data Centres is subject to the
following statement endorsed by the WMO Executive Council/Committee on Atmospheric
Sciences (EC/CAS) Panel of Experts Working Group on Environmental Pollution and
Atmospheric Chemistry [WMO, 2001a]:
“For scientific purposes, access to these [GAW] data
is unlimited and provided without charge. By their use
you accept that an offer of co-authorship will be made
through personal contact with the data providers or
owners whenever substantial use is made of their data. In
all cases, an acknowledgment must be made to the
data providers or owners and to the data centre when
these data are used within a publication.”
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAW Data – Archives, Discovery and Retrieval
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GAW WDCs
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WOUDC: Total/Profile Ozone, UV
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WRDC: (Broadband) Solar Radiation
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WDCGG: Gases (incl. surface O3)
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WDCA: Aerosols
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WDCPC: Precipitation Chemistry
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WDC-RSAT: Satellite Remote Sensing
GAWSIS
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Metadata and data discovery
‘Earth and space science data are a world heritage’
(EOS, 2009, 90/35, p301)
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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GAWSIS
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Lists of stations
Lists of contacts
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Station reports
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Global GAW stations
Regional GAW stations
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Site characterization
 Measurement program
Associated and
partner networks
Contributing GAW stations
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Meta data for each series
 Trajectories
 Hyperlinks to data archive
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Contacts
 Bibliographic references
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Search interface
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Google Earth™ Port
Clearinghouse for GAW IDs
(3-letter codes)
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[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Overview

Background

Mission, objectives
 The GAW strategic plan 2008-2015

GAW Observations

GAW Global station network
 GAW – More than the Global network
 GAW – A cooperative network beyond NMHSs (the Swiss implementation)

GAW Quality System

Design
 Implementation

GAW Data Management

Data access policy
 GAW Data – Archives, discovery and retrieval

Application of GAW Observations

Monitoring and predicting carbon dioxide flux (CarbonTracker)
 Reducing uncertainties of climate change predictions due to aerosol research
 Verifying emissions of ozone-depleting substances in China
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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CarbonTracker
Put constraints on natural carbon fluxes in N. America (1/2)
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Task: Draw a 1°x1° map of CO2 surface
fluxes of N. America for 2000-2005
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Need ~250,000 points (excl. oceans) for
single map
 Need ~90 Mio points for daily maps for 1
year
 Not nearly enough observations
available
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Solution: CarbonTracker
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TM5 for transport
 Assimilation of 28,000 CO2 observations
in the global atmosphere for 2000-2005
 Output are emission estimates that are
independent of national inventories
 Sensitivity analysis yields range of
consistent estimates of net fluxes (blue
bars)
(Peters W et al. PNAS 2007;104:18925-18930)
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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CarbonTracker
Put constraints on natural carbon fluxes in N. America (2/2)
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Validation of model output with
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full column averages from FTS
observations (yellow)
 partial column averages from aircraft
samples (blue, gray)
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Conclusions
(Peters W et al. PNAS 2007;104:18925-18930)
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Assimilation yields gridded data at (sub)-regional resolution and allows
flux estimates from ambient observations
 Observations needed for assimilation and for validation
 Disagreement between model and observations can be several ppm,
while DQO is 0.1 ppm.
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Models cannot capture all processes adequately – need (more)
observations!
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Aerosol research and observations are needed to
reduce uncertainties in climate predictions
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Aerosol effects still dominate
uncertainties in radiative forcing
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Backscattering and scattering
coefficients and clouds
determine albedo and hence
radiative forcing
(http://www.ipcc.ch/graphics/syr/fig2-4.jpg)
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Need long-term observations of
sufficient quality for trend
detection
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Need process-understanding to
understand the trends
(Collaud-Coen et al., J.Geophys. Res, 2007)
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Observations help improve
process-understanding to parameterize models
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Backscattering and single
scattering albedo strongly
influenced by RH
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Quantification of these effects
needed for parameterization of
aerosol radiative forcing in models
Backscatter ratio decreases when relative
humidity increases (as particles grow)
(http://www.ipcc.ch/graphics/ar4-wg1/jpg/fig-2-10.jpg)
Single scattering albedo increases when
relative humidity increases (as scattering
coefficient increases)
(Fierz-Schmidhauser et al., ACPD 2009)
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Verification of Phase-Out of
Ozone-Depleting Substances in China
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ODS regulated under the
Montreal Protocol
UNEP Consumption data for CFCs
Art 5 countries
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Non Art 5
countries
Compare bottom-up estimates
from production, consumption
data with top-down (=inversion)
estimation of emissions
Need ambient observations
and inversion model for topdown approach
Phase-out plan
China
Ambient observations of CFC-11
350
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Observations of CFC-11
confirm global decline, but
suggest strong emissions from
China
CFC-11 (ppt)
Shangdianzi
300
Mace Head
250
Cape Grim
‘95
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
‘00
‘05
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Verification of Emissions using Observations in
Combination with Models
Footprint
Emission estimates
FLEXPART-inversion using
measurements in
Shangdianzi, 100 km northeast of Beijing
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Top-down estimates for
China suggest
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successful phase-out of
CFCs, but confirm that large
banks still exist
 China is a significant emitter
of CFC replacements such
as HCFC-22 (45% of global)
(Vollmer et al. GRL 2009;doi:10.1029/2009GL038659)
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Conclusions
Understanding & Mitigating Atmospheric Change
Observations (direct, proxies)
Political Action
–governemental
–enterprise level
–individual
–radiation
–temperatures
–precipitation
–climate-forcing gases
–aerosols
Models
–global
–trans-boundary
–regional
Scenarios
–global
–trans-boundary
–regional
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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Acknowledgments
Ma terials Sci ence & Technolog y
To all them observers …
… and the institutions who fund them
[email protected], TECO CAS XV, 16-17 November 2009, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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