Hepatic Physiology
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Transcript Hepatic Physiology
Hepatic Physiology
Tariq Alzahrani
Demonstrator
College of Medicine
King Saud University
Objectives
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It is an important topic?
Hepatic Anatomy
Hepatic Physiology
Effect of anaesthesia
Effect of surgery
• The largest organ in the body is the liver
• Involved with almost all of the biochemical pathways
that allow growth, fight disease, supply nutrients,
provide energy, and aid reproduction
• Dual blood supply: portal-venous (75%) and
hepatic-arterial (25%).
• Surgery and anesthesia impact hepatic function
primarily due to their impact on hepatic blood flow
and not primarily as a result of the medications or
anesthetic technique utilized
• Approximately 1 of every 700 patients admitted for
elective surgery has abnormal liver chemistry test
results (Conn, 1991).
• Up to 10% of patients with end-stage liver disease
may have surgery during the last 2 years of their
lives (Jackson, 1968).
Liver location
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Inferior to diaphragm
Mainly right side
Protected by rib cage
Large – 1.4 kg
Superior to stomach
Right upper quadrant
Liver gross anatomy
• Falciform ligament
– Attached to diaphragm
and anterior abdominal wall
– Round ligament
remnant of umbilical vein
Liver gross anatomy
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Hepatic portal vein
Hepatic artery
hepatic veins
Common hepatic duct
Gall bladder
Liver microscopic anatomy
• Liver lobule
– Structural &
functional unit
– Hexagonal solid
– Cords of hepatocytes
around central vein
– Components
Liver microscopic anatomy
• Portal triads at periphery
– Branch of hepatic artery
– Branch of hepatic portal vein
– Bile duct
Liver microscopic anatomy
• Hepatic sinusoids between liver cords
Liver microscopic anatomy
• Kupffer cells –
liver macrophages
along sinusoids
• Hepatocytes
• Bile canaliculi –
between hepatocytes,
leads to bile duct
Hepatocytes
• synthesize and secretes
several plasma proteins
– Albumin
– Globulins
– Fibrinogen
• produces bile salts,
detoxifies poisons
• Peroxisomes detoxify
alcohol
• Storage of glycogen
Blood flow in liver
• Hepatic artery branch
– Oxygenated blood to lobule
• Portal vein branch
– Deoxygenated blood with
substances from intestine
• Blood flows through
sinusoids
– Kupffer cells phagocytize
bacteria, foreign material,
old rbc’s
• Plasma seeps out and
bathes hepatocytes
• According to the its blood supply, liver is divided into
8 segments.
• Sympathetic
: T6-11 (Celiac plexus),
• Parasympathetic: RT < vagi,RT phrenic.
• Gall bladder : right vagus.
Hepatic Physiology
• Only major organ in the body that receives a dual
afferent blood supply
• 2 vessels supplying (hepatic artery and portal vein)
– Portal vein = 75% of HBF (55% of 02)
– Hepatic artery = 25% of HBF (45% of 02)
– Total hepatic blood flow = 25% of CO
• Portal venous pressure is normally 7-10mmHg
Liver Functions
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Protein synthesis
Glucose homeostasis
Lipid and lipoprotein synthesis
Vitamin storage
Clotting factor synthesis
Bile acid synthesis
Drug metabolism
Physiology ~ carbohydrate
metabolism
• Main role ~ storage of glycogen. Normally, about
75 grams of glycogen is found in the liver
• Depleted by 24-48 hours of starvation
• Poor nutrition or pre-existing liver disease may
lower glycogen stores ~ prone to hypoglycemia
Carbohydrate
Gut
Digestive
enzymes
Pancreas
Blood
Glucose
Insulin
hepatic glucose
production
and storage of
glycogen
Regulation of
lipolysis
Adipose
tissue
Muscle
Liver
Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake
• The Liver is the only organ which contain glucose-6phosphatase,so:
- It is the only organ,which can liberate glucose from
glycogen into the circulation.
- Other organs, e.g. muscle, can also store glycogen
but are only able to utilize it locally.
Physiology ~ fat & protein
metabolism
• Beta oxidation of fatty acids and the formation of
lipoproteins.
• Synthesis of plasma proteins ~ All proteins,
except immunoglobulins , antihemophiliac factor (8)
& v W f.
• Normally, 10-15 grams of albumin are produced
daily (3.5-5.5 g/dl)
• Clotting factors V, VII,
IX, X, prothrombin and
fibrinogen are all dependent
on the liver for synthesis ~
many of the factors require
only 20-30% of normal
levels to stop bleeding,
significant impairment of
liver function must occur
before problems begin.
• Important facts:
Plasma half-lives of clotting
factors are measured in
hours. Therefore, acute liver
dysfunction can lead to
coagulopathies.
Both severe parenchymal
disease and biliary disease
may lead to coagulopathy the former due to impaired
synthesis and the second by
decreased vitamin K
absorption due to the
absence of bile salts
secondary to biliary
obstruction.
Physiology ~ drug metablism
Divided into 2 phase:
1. Phase I metabolism
Oxidation
Reduction
2. Phase II metabolism
Conjugation
Factor affecting drug metabolism:
microsomal enzyme system
route of administration
liver blood flow
competitive inhibition
Hepatic Excretion
• Some drug molecules are not metabolized before
excretion
– May see decreased metabolites or accumulation
of metabolites if excretion impaired
• To be eliminated, the drug must cross sinusoidal
membrane and return to blood as it flows toward
central vein, or be transported into bile
• Factors affecting HE:
– Blood flow
– Protein binding
– Hepatic intrinsic clearance (ability of hepatocytes
to remove drug from liver when blood flow,
protein binding, and translocation to the site of
metabolism or elimination are not rate-limiting)
Hepatic Clearance
• Volume of blood from which drug is removed
completely per unit time
• Hepatic clearance is not equal to systemic
clearance
Bioavailability
• Fraction of the absorbed dose that reaches the
systemic circulatio
Volume of Distribution
• Vd= D % C
• May or may not be affected by liver disease,
depending on extravascular distribution and tissue
binding
Effect of anaesthesia
• Most inhalation agents decrease hepatic blood flow
• Fatal hepatic necrosis resulting from halothane is
rare (1 case in 35,000), but severe liver dysfunction
may occur in 1 case in 6000
• Isoflurane is a safer choice because the effect on
hepatic blood flow and oxygenation is much less
than that of halothane. In fact, isoflurane increases
hepatic arterial blood flow.
• Nitrous oxide is not hepatotoxic
• Hypotension resulting in "shock liver injury" is
possible
• Delayed clearance of drugs such as midazolam,
fentanyl, and morphine
• Hypercarbia causes decreased portal blood flow
and must be avoided
Effect of surgery
• Splanchnic traction and exploratory laparotomy can
reduce blood flow to the intestines and the liver
• Upper abdominal surgery is associated with the
greatest reduction in hepatic blood flow
• Elevation of liver chemistry tests is more likely to
occur after biliary tract procedures than after
nonabdominal procedures