Transcript muscles and jonts power point! lesson 3.

Functional Anatomy
Section Four: The Muscles
4.2 Identifying Muscles
Trapezius
Deltoid
Biceps
Triceps
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Rectus Abdominus
Gluteus Maximus
Hamstrings
Quadriceps
Gastrocnemius
4.3 Guide to Individual Muscles
[A] PRIME MOVERS OF THE TRUNK
1. Rectus adbominus:
Location : A group of two muscles running lengthwise along the medial
aspect of the abdomen. They are rather like two columns of
muscle running up either side of the belly button.
They run from the pubis (pelvis) to the cartilage of the 5th, 6th
and 7th ribs.
Movements:
Rectus abdominus allows two basic
movements.
1. Flexion of the trunk
2. Lateral flexion of the trunk
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Sit ups
2. Cartwheels
3. Pike in diving
Rectus Abdominus
[A] PRIME MOVERS OF THE TRUNK
2. Erector Spinae Group:
Location : One of the main muscles located in the lower back and one of
the few visible. It runs from the pelvis to the lumbar vertebrae.
Movements: Erector spinae group allows two basic movements.
They are:
1. Extension of the spine
2. Lateral flexion of the trunk
Application
Typical sporting actions include:
1. Straightening out from a pike
2. Rowing
3. Swimming (body position)
Erector
Spinae
[B] PRIME MOVERS OF THE SHOULDER
1. Trapezius:
Location : A large triangular muscle located on the posterior aspect of
the body.
It runs in a triangular shape from the base of the skull, the 7th
cervical vertebrae and all the thoracic vertebrae, to the scapula
and clavicle.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Movements: Trapezius allows four basic movements.
They are:
Raise the head
Pull the shoulders back
Trapezius
Raise the scapula
Drop the scapula
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Pulling shoulder when throwing
2. Rowing
3. Looking up in basketball
[B] PRIME MOVERS OF THE SHOULDER
2. Latissimus Dorsi:
Location :
Latissimus dorsi
The broadest muscle of the back. It forms the
back of the armpit.
This is a large triangular muscle which covers
the lumbar and lower thoracic region of the back.
It runs from the lower thoracic and lumber regions,
to the anterior aspect of the humerus
Movements:
Latissimus dorsi allows three basic movements.
They are:
1. Adduction of the upper arm
2. Extension of the shoulder
3. Internal rotation of the shoulder
How can latissimus dorsi allow internal rotation of the
shoulder to occur if it is a muscle located on the back?
Because it attaches to the humerus
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Recovery in breaststroke
2. Ten-pin bowling
3. Drawing arm back to punch
[B] PRIME MOVERS OF THE SHOULDER
3. Deltoid:
Location : A triangular shaped muscle located on the superior aspect of
the shoulder i.e. above the shoulder joint
It runs from the scapular and clavicle to attach at the humerus
Deltoid
Movements: Deltoid allows four basic movements.
They are:
1. Flexion of the shoulder
2. Extension of the shoulder
3. Abduction of the arm
4. Rotation of the shoulder
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Throwing
2. Punching
3. Swimming
[B] PRIME MOVERS OF THE SHOULDER
3. Pectoralis Major:
Location : A large triangular muscle located on the chest.
It runs from the clavicle, sternum and the 6th rib, to the
humerus.
Movements: Pectoralis major allows three basic movements.
These are:
1. Flexion of the shoulder
2. Abduction of the arm
Pectoralis major
3. Rotation (internal) of the shoulder
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Throwing
2. Punching
3. Press-ups
[C] PRIME MOVERS OF THE ELBOW
1. Biceps Brachii:
Location : A two-headed muscle (biceps) located on the anterior aspect
of the humerus
It runs from the scapular to the upper aspect of the radius
Movements: Biceps allows two basic movements.
They are:
1. Flexion of the elbow
2. Flexion of the shoulder
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Biceps curl
2. Rowing
3. Recovery in breaststroke
Biceps Brachii
[C] PRIME MOVERS OF THE ELBOW
1. Triceps Brachii:
Location : A large muscle located on the posterior aspect
of the humerus.
It runs from the scapular, over the posterior aspect of the
humerus, to the upper part of the ulna.
Triceps Brachii
Movements: Triceps allows two basic movements.
These are:
1. Extension of the elbow
2. Extension of the shoulder
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Karate chop
2. Press-up
3. Punching
[E] PRIME MOVERS OF THE HIP AND KNEE
2. Gluteus Maximus:
Location : This is a the large fleshy muscle that makes up your backside.
You are probably sitting on it right now! It is an extremely
powerful muscle.
It is located on the posterior aspect of the hip running from
the ilium (pelvis), sacrum and coccyx to the upper third of the
femur.
Movements: Gluteus maximus
allows three basic movements.
1. Extension of the leg
2. Abduction of the leg
3. External rotation of the leg
(rotating outwards)
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Kicking
2. Running
3. Jumping
[E] PRIME MOVERS OF THE HIP AND KNEE
3. Quadriceps:
Location : This is a group of four (quad) muscles located on the anterior
aspect of the thigh.
The four muscles making up the quadriceps group
are:
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus medialis
3. Vastus lateralis
4. Vastus intermedius (not shown)
Movements:
Quadriceps allows
two basic movements.
1. Extension of the knee
2. Flexion of the hip
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Kicking
The Vastus intermedius is not shown
2. Running
because it lies under the Rectus femoris, so
3.
Jumping
is not visible.
Consider the illustration. Label the muscles of
the quadriceps group you can identify.
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus Medialis
Vastus intermedius isn’t show as it lies
under the other muscles!
[E] PRIME MOVERS OF THE HIP AND KNEE
3. Hamstrings:
Location : This is a group of three muscles located on the posterior
aspect of the thigh.
Since they are in direct opposition to the quadriceps and are
generally weaker they are prone to injury.
The three muscles making up the hamstrings group are:
1. Semitendinosus
2. Biceps femoris
3. Semimembranosis
Movements: Hamstrings allows two basic movements.
These are:
1. Extension of the hip
2. Flexion of the knee
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Kicking
2. Running
3. Jumping
[F] PRIME MOVERS OF THE ANLKE
1. Gastroncnemius:
Location : This is a the large fleshy muscle located on the posterior
aspect of the lower leg.
It runs from the distal aspect of the femur to the tarsal's (heel)
via the Achilles tendon.
Movements:
Gastrocnemius allows two basic movements.
These are:
1. Knee flexion
2. Plantar flexion
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Kicking
2. Pointing toes
3. Jumping
[F] PRIME MOVERS OF THE ANLKE
2. Soleus:
Location : This muscle lies beneath gastrocnemius and serves largely the
same function. It shares the Achilles tendon with
gastrocnemius.
It runs from the proximal aspect of both tibia and fibula to the
same position as gastrocnemius on the heel
Movements: Soleus allows one basic movements.
1. Plantar flexion
Application: Typical sporting actions
include:
1. Kicking
2. Pointing toes
3. Jumping
[F] PRIME MOVERS OF THE ANKLE
3. Tibialis anterior:
Location : This muscle is located on the anterior aspect of the lower leg.
It lies mainly over the tibia and can be felt running along its sharp
edge.
It runs from the proximal aspect of the tibia to the toes.
Movements:
Tibialis anterior allows two basic movements.
1. Dorsi flexion
2. Inversion
Application: Typical sporting actions include:
1. Passing with the outside
of the foot (soccer)
2. Kicking (recovery)
3.
Rowing
4.4 Agonists and Antagonists
When muscles create movement, they tend to work in pairs.
When one muscle (or group), contracts to generate the
movement, the opposing muscle (or group) relaxes.
This is known as Reciprocal Inhibition.
Each muscle in the pair is labelled as either the agonist or
antagonist.
Agonist:
The muscle that produces the movement.
Agonists are also referred to as prime movers. Why?
Because they are the main muscle
producing movement (prime = main).
Antagonist:
This muscle that opposes motion
Consider the example of a bicep curl.
The movement occurring at the elbow is flexion
The agonist muscle would be
biceps
The antagonist muscle would be
triceps
The prime mover would be biceps
When the person extends the arm i.e. to lower the
weight:
The agonist muscle would be
triceps
The antagonist muscle would be
biceps
What other role does the antagonist muscle play in the
lowering of the weight?
Controls the speed at which weight is lowered in
order to help prevent injury.