Transcript Systems of the Body

Systems of the Body
Integumentary
Muscular
Skeletal
The Integumentary System
__________ The largest organ in the body; outer
covering of the human body.
3 Main Functions:
1. ___________________
- water tight covering
- protects internal organs and tissues
- first line of defense (bacteria)
- protects against UV Rays
2. _________________________________________
- How?
3. _________________________________________
- Which one?
The Skin has 3 Main Layers
1. ____________ - outer, thinner layer
- Dead cells make up this layer; slough off
- New cells rise to the surface
- ____________ - gives skin its color; the more
the skin has the darker the skin; production
increases with exposure to the sun
- Finger prints – different for ALL
people, even identical twins
- Finger nails are part of the
epidermis; they are dead skin cells
surrounded by a cuticle
2. ____________ middle layer of skin, thick
- Determines thickness of the skin in different areas
- Gives skin its elastic, spongy quality; as you age the elasticity increases,
causing wrinkles
_______________ produce oil called sebum, prevents skin from drying
out
_______________ sweating regulates body temperature; we perspire
through pores; there are 2.5 million of these glands in the human body;
found all over, but more numerous in the soles of the feet, armpits, palms,
and head; sweat does not cause BO, what does?
__________ - for protection and warmth; there are 100,000-200,000 on
the head; roots grow out of follicle in the dermis; visible hair is made up of
dead cells; on average, each individual hair grows about 6 inches per year
for 4 years, then falls out; you lose about 25-100 hairs a day
3.________________________ innermost layer;
under the dermis; attaches other parts of the
skin to muscle and bone: hypodermis
Skin Problems
1.____________ -Caused by pores that are clogged, mostly during
adolescence; hormones cause an increase in oil production which encourages
bacteria growth; there are more oil glands on the face than any other part of
the body
- Prevention – keep skin clean; wash with warm water
2.____________________ - Fungus between toes
- to prevent to use powder, keep the area dry, change socks (cotton?) and
shoes; contagious – use shower shoes in locker room
3.____________ - Caused by a virus; most are harmless, but may spread
4.____________ - Dark brown spots, usually harmless
5._______________ - Fluid under skin caused by friction; if open, care for it to
prevent infection – clean thoroughly, use donut or bandage
6. _____________ - Thickened skin
7. Abrasion –
8. Contusion -
9. Laceration –
- Stitches within 6-8 hours of a cut
10. Avulsion –
- All of us have had an avulsion; How?
11. Incision –
12. Puncture –
- ExamplesHair Problems
1.___________ - flaking of outer layer of dead skin on scalp
2.___________ - insects that feed on blood; may be spread
- thinner hair = more susceptible; why? (tree)
Healthy Grooming Habits
- Wash and shampoo daily
- Sunscreen
- Trim nails properly; How?
The Skeletal System
Functions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Strong, stable framework for the body
Allows for muscle to attach and move
Protects internal organs (ribs, skull, eye orbit)
Store minerals (calcium and phosphate)
Bone marrow produces blood cells (all RBC, most WBC and
platelets)
2 Parts of the skeleton:
1._________________ - head to torso (80 bones of skull, spine, ribs,
sternum); “Axis”
2._____________________________- limbs (126 bones
of shoulders, arms, hands,
hips, legs, feet);
“Appendages”
4 Types of Bones
1._____________-arms and legs; have a shaft in middle of two
ends; contain bone marrow; (femur)
2._____________-as long as they are wide (wrist and ankles)
3._____________-thin, flat shape; usually protect organs (ribs,
skull, scapula)
4.________________-don’t fit in any other category (vertebrae)
_________________-strong, flexible connective tissue
- gets brittle with age (Glucosamine/Chondroitin Complex)
- lines surface of joints to move smoothly
- cushions joints (vertebrae); “shock absorbers”
- supports nose and ears
- baby’s skeleton mostly cartilage, but changes to bone
through __________________- bone is formed and repaired
(fractures)
7 Types of Joints: where 2 bones meet
1.________________- allow most movement
(hip,shoulder)
2._______________ - rotation (1st two vertebrae of
neck)
3.________________- oval shaped bone into curved
space; wide range of motion except pivotal (wrist and
ankle)
4._____________-closely related to ellipsoidal (thumb)
5._____________-bending and straightening only
(fingers, knees, elbows:
6.______________- only slight movement (vertebrae,
carpals, tarsals)
7._______________- fused together; no movement
(skull)
Joint Movements
1. Flexion – bending
2. Extension – straightening
3. Abduction – away from midline
4. Adduction – toward midline
5. Rotation – turning around axis
6. Supination – palm up
7. Pronation – palm down
8. Circumduction – limb in circle
______________- Connects bone to bone (MCL, ACL, etc)
______________- Connects muscle to bone
Injuries
_________________-Any break in a bone (heals
through ossification)
- Simple/Compound
- Hairline – bones are still together
- Transverse – bones apart
- Commuted – shatters in more than 2 pieces
- Stress Fracture – unstable; usually from overuse
________________-Bone leaves its normal position in
the joint(usually also a tearing of the ligaments-sprain)
________________-Inflammation of a joint (pain,
swelling, stiffness) Osteoarthritis-most common type
from wear and tear on joints (in elderly)
_________________-Decreased bone density, bones
become more brittle
The Muscular System
Function:
3 Types:
1._____________ - in the walls of the heart; very durable
- 72 beats/minute average; 4300/hr; 100,000/day at rest; the
more fit you are the slower the RHR; Why?
- almost 3 Billion in a lifetime (75 year old)
2._____________ - internal organs
3._____________ - attached to bones to produce movement
- more than 600 in the body
- most have antagonistic/opposing pairs; one side contracts
while the other side relaxes
________________ - strong, fibrous connective tissue that
connects muscle to bone
“Use It Or Lose It”
- ____________-wasting away of muscle/decrease in
size if not used; happens very quickly
- _____________-natural tension in a muscle; must
be active and exercise to maintain; the more a
muscle is used, the stronger and more efficient it
will become (heart)
-______________-enlargement of a muscle in response to training – “hyper” –over, above, excessive
“troph” –growth, development
Common Injuries:
____________ - bruise (could become Myositis Ossificans)
____________ - tearing or overstretching of a muscle or tendon;
“pulled muscle”
____________ - inflammation of a tendon, usually overuse
- “itis” – inflammation of (Latin)
_______________- involuntary contraction of a muscle
- dehydration or fatigue – 2 main causes
- could also be as a result of trauma – “Charlie Horse”
More injuries:
______________-protrusion of organ/tissue through
weak area in muscle (abdominal – intestines go
through abdominal wall)
_____________- from overexertion – Lactic Acid
buildup
____________- Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness –
usually begins about 12 hours after activity – usually
worst on the 2nd Day, then gets gradually better on 3rd
and 4th day; people begin workout, get sore, quit
Name the muscle (or muscle group) that performs
these movements
Hip Extension –
Shoulder Abduction –
Ankle Extension –
Elbow Extension –
Knee Flexion –
Neck Extension –
Shoulder Adduction –
Knee Extension –
Finger Flexion –
Trunk Flexion –
Elbow Flexion -