Transcript 2-5
Analyzing Human Motion هدف از یادگیری تجزیه و تحلیل حرکتی -1اموزش صحیح حرکات -2اصالح حرکات The more the marble wastes The more statue grows Joint Movement Terminology • In anatomical position, all body segments are considered to be positioned at zero degrees. – Sagittal Plane Movements – Frontal Plane Movements – Transverse Plane Movements Standard Reference Terminology Directional Terms • • • • • • Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral • • • • Proximal Distal Superficial Deep frontal plane movements 2-5 Sagittal plane movements 2-6 Frontal Plane Movements 2-8 Transverse Plane Movements 2-13 Other Movements 2-16 Tools for Measuring Kinematic Quantities • Cinematography & Videography – Standard video 30 pictures per second – Higher rates available – Clarity of images – Number of cameras to capture information – Computer-linked equipment – digitizing Specific Movements • Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint – Depression • Inferior movement in frontal plane – Elevation • Superior movement in frontal plane Specific Movements • Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint – Horizontal abduction • Mvmt. Of humerus in transverse plane away from midline – Horizontal adduction • Mvmt. Of humerus in transverse plane toward midline Specific Movements • Shoulder girdle and shoulder joint – Protraction • In horizontal plane – Retraction • In horizontal plane – Downward rotation (scapula) • In frontal plane – Upward rotation (scapula) • In frontal plane Muscle Terminology • Origin – Usually refers to the proximal, more fixed attachment point • Insertion – Usually refers to the distal, more moveable attachment point Types of Muscular Contraction • Isometric – “Iso”=same, “metric”=length – No change in length, but force developed is equal to resistance • Example: arm wrasslin’, flexin’ Types of Muscular Contraction • Isotonic – “Iso”=same, “tonic”=tension – Change in length and force developed may be < or > resistance Role of Muscles • • • • • Agonist Antagonist Stabilizer Synergist Neutralizer Specific Movements • Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint – Depression • Inferior movement in frontal plane – Elevation • Superior movement in frontal plane Specific Movements • Shoulder girdle & shoulder joint – Horizontal abduction • Mvmt. Of humerus in transverse plane away from midline – Horizontal adduction • Mvmt. Of humerus in transverse plane toward midline Specific Movements • Shoulder girdle and shoulder joint – Protraction • In horizontal plane – Retraction • In horizontal plane – Downward rotation (scapula) • In frontal plane – Upward rotation (scapula) • In frontal plane Muscle Terminology • Origin – Usually refers to the proximal, more fixed attachment point • Insertion – Usually refers to the distal, more moveable attachment point Types of Muscular Contraction • Isometric – “Iso”=same, “metric”=length – No change in length, but force developed is equal to resistance • Example: arm wrasslin’, flexin’ Types of Muscular Contraction • Isotonic – “Iso”=same, “tonic”=tension – Change in length and force developed may be < or > resistance Types of Muscular Contraction • Eccentric – Force developed < resistance, therefore movement occurs – Also known as “negative” contraction – Example: defensive lineman who gets pancaked Role of Muscles • • • • • Agonist Antagonist Stabilizer Synergist Neutralizer Barbell Ab Rollout - On Knees Exercise Data Main Muscle Worked: Abdominals Other Muscles Worked: Lower Back, Shoulders Equipment: Barbell Mechanics Type: Compound Ab Crunch Machine Exercise Data Main Muscle Worked: Abdominals Other Muscles Worked: None Equipment: Machine Mechanics Type: Isolation Naming Skeletal Muscles • Number of origins – e.g., biceps (two origins) and triceps (three origins) • Location of attachments – named according to point of origin or insertion • Action – e.g., flexor or extensor, as in the names of muscles that flex or extend, respectively • Long Types of Bones – Ex.- Femur • Short Biet tin gi chua, vao day coi di – Ex.- calcaneus http://nhatquanglan1.0catch.com • Flat – Ex.- Scapula Arrangement of Fascicles Figure 10.1 Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems • Lever – a rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum, or fixed point • Effort – force applied to a lever • Load – resistance moved by the effort Lever Systems: Classes • First class – the fulcrum is between the load and the effort • Second class – the load is between the fulcrum and the effort • Third class – the effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems Figure 10.2a Lever Systems: First Class Figure 10.3a Lever Systems: Second Class Figure 10.3b Lever Systems: Third Class Figure 10.3c Bone-Muscle Relationships: Lever Systems Figure 10.2b Major Skeletal Muscles: Anterior View • The 40 superficial muscles here are divided into 10 regional areas of the body Figure 10.4b Major Skeletal Muscles: Posterior View • The 27 superficial muscles here are divided into seven regional areas of the body Figure 10.5b Major Skeletal Muscles: Posterior View • The 27 superficial muscles here are divided into seven regional areas of the body Figure 10.5b حداکثر قدرت در چه زاویه ای قرار دارد؟ -1حداکثر امتیاز فیزیولوژیکی -2حداکثر امتیاز اناتومیکی