Transcript Chapter 5 Integumentary System

Chapter 6
Muscular System
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Muscular System
• 700 muscles in the human body
• Functions:
– Moving the body’s framework
– Maintaining posture
– Producing heat
– Assisting lymph transport
• Muscle mass makes up 40% of an average person’s body
weight
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Muscular System
• Muscles are arranged in layers
• All muscular movement is made possible through nerve
impulses acting on tissue, causing contractions
• Optimal function is achieved through muscles, tendons,
ligaments, bones, and nerves working in concert
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Word Parts
Definition
Example
brachio
arm, brachial
brachialis
brachy-
short
brachycardia
bucco-
cheek, mouth
buccal
cardi-,cardio
heart, cardiac
cardiopathy
fascio-
fascia
fascial
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Word Parts
Definition
fibr-, fibro
Example
fiber
fibromyalgia
kin-, kine-, kino-
movement
kinesthetics
kinesi-, kinesio-
movement
muscul-, musculo-
muscle
kinesiology
muscular
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Word Parts
Definition
Example
my-, myo-
muscle
myoma
platy-
flat, broad
platysma
pter-, ptero-
wing, feather
pterion
pterygo-
wing-shaped
pterygoid
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Word Parts
Definition
Example
rhabd-, rhabdo-
rod-shaped
rhabdosarcoma
sarco-
muscle, flesh
sarcomere
tendo-,teno-
tendon
tendinopathy
-troph, troph-,
tropho-, -trophic
food, nutrition
atrophy
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Word Etymology
brevis
short
bucca
cheek
femur
thigh
gloutos
buttock
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Word Etymology
pteron
wing, feather
pteryx
wing
rectur
straight
teres
round, smooth
vastus
great
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Medical Term Parts Used as Prefixes
brachy-
short
bucco-
cheek, mouth
fascio-
fascia
pterygo-
wing-shaped
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Medical Term Parts Used as Suffixes
-trophic
nutrition, nourishment
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Muscular System Preview
• Key characteristic of muscle is its ability to contract when
stimulated by nerves to produce movement
– Nerve impulse travels to muscle tissue, exciting the
muscle to contract
– Accomplished through functioning of several muscle
structures that shorten to produce contraction
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Structures of the Muscular System
• Muscle cells/muscle fibers
• Muscle tissue
• Sarcomere
• Sarcolemma
• Sarcoplasm
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Muscular System Structure Key Terms
muscle cells
muscle fibers/myofibrils
muscle fibers
muscle cells
muscle tissue
tissue composed of contractile
fibers
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Muscular System Structure Key Terms
sarcolemma
sheath surrounding muscle
cell
sarcoplasm
intercellular material of a
muscle cell
sarcomere
functioning unit of the muscle
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Muscle Fiber
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Muscle Fiber
• Individual muscle fiber has many parts
– Sarcolemma = outer cell membrane
– Sarcoplasm = cytosol within a muscle fiber
– Myofibrils = contractile fibers (thread-like) within
muscle
• Contain contractile proteins that enable muscle to
contract
• Sarcomeres = functional units of a myofiber that
cause muscles to shorten
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Muscle Tissue
• Three types of muscle tissue
– Skeletal
– Smooth
– Cardiac
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
• Attaches to skeletal system by tendons
• Provides movement
• Also called striated muscle
• Voluntary control
• Contracts and relaxes rapidly
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
• Nonstriated
• Involuntary controlled
• Appears nonstriped
• Hollow organs and blood vessels are lined by smooth
muscle
• Contracts and relaxes slowly
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
• Found only in the heart
• Permits constant pumping action
• Appears striated
• Involuntary
• Cardiac muscle fibers contract as a rhythmic unit and are
self-stimulated
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Muscle Tissue Key Terms
skeletal muscle
muscle associated with the
skeleton
smooth muscle
muscle in viscera walls and
blood vessels
peristalsis
progressive waves of
contraction
cardiac muscle
heart muscle
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Muscle Tissue Key Terms
tendons
fibrous bands or cords
attaching muscle to bone or
muscle to other body parts
aponeuroses
tendon sheets
fascia
fibrous tissue between muscle
that form sheaths
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Muscle Movement
•Muscle movement is produced by pulling on bones
– Origin = end of muscle that is attached to a
immovable part
– Insertion = end of muscle that is attached to a
movable part
– When contraction occurs, one muscle typically
produces movement in one direction, while another
muscle produces movement in another direction.
– Bones serve as levers
– Joints serve as fulcrums
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Muscle Movement: Contraction
• Occurs within the musculature
• Requires
– Motor neuron (nerve cell that excites a muscle)
– Muscle fiber
• Threshold stimulus (level of stimulation) must be
exceeded
• Results from a sliding movement within the myofibrils
• Byproduct is heat
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Muscle Movement
• Energy is required
• Molecules that supply energy are
–
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
• ATP supplies energy for muscle fiber contraction.
–
CP (creatine phosphate)
• CP (present in muscle tissue and an energystoring substance) synthesizes ATP as it
decomposes
• Active muscles depend on cellular respiration
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Muscle Movement: Muscle Fatigue
• Occurs when a muscle loses its ability to contract
• Results from
– Interruption of blood supply to the muscle
– Lack of acetylcholine
– Accumulation of lactic acid as a result of anaerobic
respiration
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Muscle Movement: Muscle Relaxation
• Involves
– Calcium ions (Ca2+)
– Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) = storage and release
site of Ca2+ in a muscle fiber
• After the Ca2+ is released, the SR reabsorbs the calcium,
thereby halting the contraction process
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Muscle Movement Key Terms
origin
muscle end that remains fixed
during contraction
insertion
muscle end that moves during
contraction
neuromuscular junctions
myoneural junctions
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Muscle Movement Key Terms
acetylcholine
chemical involved in nerve
impulse transmission
adenosine triphosphate
cell’s energy source
myoglobin
muscle hemoglobin,
myohemoglobin
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Muscle Tone
• Resting tension
• Sustained contraction of portions of skeletal muscle
achieves muscle tone
• Essential for posture and balance
• Atrophy describes muscle tissue wasting as a result of
– disease
– ischemia
– nutritional deficiencies
• Hypertrophy is enlargement of muscle tissue (ex: muscle
builders)
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Muscle Tone Key Terms
muscle tone
muscle integrity achieved
through active contraction of
some fibers
atrophy
physiologic or pathologic
muscle size reduction
hypertrophy
increase in size
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Basis for Naming Skeletal Muscles
• Location
• Fiber direction
• Size
• Number of origins
• Shape
• Origin
• Insertion
• Action
• Point of achievement
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Naming Skeletal Muscles Key Terms
abductors
muscles that draw a body part
away from the axis when
contracted
adductors
muscles that draw a body part
toward the median when
contracted
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Naming Skeletal Muscles Key Terms
extensors
muscles that extend or stretch
a limb or part
flexors
muscles that bend or flex a limb
or part
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Pathology of Muscle System
• Signs and symptoms
– Muscle pain
– Muscle weakness
• Muscle disorders usually result from
– Trauma
– Tumor
– Immune disorder
– Improper nerve conduction
– Inheritance
– Infection
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Types of Muscle Diseases: Myopathy
• Myopathy—disease of the muscles and muscle tissues
that is either inherited or acquired
– Acquired
• Botulism
• Fibromyalgia
– Inherited
• Muscular dystrophies (MDs)
• Polymyositis
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Botulism
• Serious form of food poisoning
• Caused by eating contaminated food
• Contains toxin, botulinum, most potent poison known
• Signs and symptoms
– Double vision
– Light sensitivity
– Blurred speech
– Nausea
– Vomiting
– Inability to walk—muscle weakness
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Botulism (cont’d)
• Treatment
– Guanidine hydrochloride
– Pulmonary ventilation
– Recovery is gradual—up to 1 year
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Fibromyalgia
• Unknown origin
• Characteristics
– Myalgia, stiffness
– Tenderness
• Signs and symptoms
– Fibrosis
– Fibrositis
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Fibromyalgia (cont’d)
• Joint regions involved
– Antecubital
– Cervical
– Sacroiliac
– Patellar
• Diagnosis
– Patient history and physical exam
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Fibromyalgia (cont’d)
• Treatment
– Most common
• Analgesics
• Aspirin
• NSAIDs
– Proven successful
• Chiropractic adjustments
• Physical therapy
• Medical massage
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Muscular Dystrophies (MDs)
• Inherited disease/genetic disorder
• Characteristics
– Degeneration of muscle cells causing progressive
muscle weakness
– Muscles replaced by fat and connective tissue
• Types
– Duchenne’s muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most
common type
– Pseudohypertrophic MD is an x-linked genetic
disorder affecting only males
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Muscular Dystrophies (cont’d)
• Diagnosis
– Blood tests
– Urine tests
• Treatment
– Physical therapy
– Occupational therapy
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Myasthenia Gravis
• Autoimmune disease
• Weakness of skeletal muscles
• Affects more women than men
• Signs and symptoms
– difficulty in chewing, swallowing, and talking
• Diagnosis
– history and physical examination
• Treatment
– cholinesterase inhibitors
– corticosteroid therapy
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Polymyositis (PM)
• Autoimmune disease
• Causes myositis, myomalacia ,and atrophy
• Affects mainly women
• Signs and symptoms
– Inability to raise arms over the head
– Difficulty in walking
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Polymyositis (cont’d)
• Diagnosis
– History
– Physical examination
• Treatment
– Steroids to minimize inflammation
– Immunosuppressants
– Physical therapy
– Medical massage
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Myopathies Key Terms
myopathy
any disease of muscles
botulism
illness acquired through
ingesting improperly cooked
or canned food
containing
Clostridium botulinum
fibromyalgia
widespread muscle and joint pain
of unknown origin
myalgia
muscle pain
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Myopathies Key Terms
fibrosis
increase in fibrous tissue
fibrositis
inflammation of muscle
sheaths and fascial layers
muscular dystrophies
hereditary diseases marked
by muscle cell degeneration
alanine aminotransferase test
blood enzyme to detect tissue
damage
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Myopathies Key Terms
aspartate aminotransferase test
blood enzyme test to detect
tissue damage or muscular
dystrophy
creatine phosphokinase test
blood enzyme test to detect
tissue damage
myoglobin urine test
urine test to detect muscle
damage
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Myopathies Key Terms
3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid test
urine test to detect possible
muscular dystrophy
myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disease
characterized by weakened
muscles and chronic fatigue
polymyositis
autoimmune disease
characterized by muscle
inflammation and atrophy
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Myopathies Key Terms
myositis
muscle inflammation
electromyography
procedure to obtain
electromyogram
muscle biopsy
tissue sample taken for
evaluation
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Muscular System Disorders: Trauma
• Hernia
• Rotator cuff injuries
• Shin splints
• Severed tendon
• Strains
• Sprains
• Tendonitis
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Hernia
• Protrusion of an organ through an opening
• Occurs when forceful muscle contractions increase
abdominopelvic pressure considerably, forcing organ
bulging
• General forms
– Inguinal
– Umbilical
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Umbilical Hernia
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Rotator Cuff Injuries
• Involves group of shoulder muscle: SITS
– Supraspinatus
– Infraspinatus
– Teres minor
– Subscapularis
• Results from a consequence of acute trauma,
degenerative changes or overuse
• Immediate pain and inability to abduct the arm
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Rotator Cuff Injuries (cont’d)
• Diagnosis
– Physical evaluation
– CT scan
– MRI
• Treatment
– Surgery
– Drugs to manage pain
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Shin Splints
• Associated with tibial periosteum and related extensor
muscles
• Occurs from tremendous muscle stress caused by
running
• Diagnosis
– Physical exam
– Radiographic studies
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Shin Splints (cont’d)
• Treatment
– Alternate heat and ice treatments
– Analgesics
– NSAIDs
– Rest
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Severed Tendon
• Results from trauma or laceration
• Elastic fibrous cord snaps
• Signs and symptoms
– Pain
– Inflammation
– Immobility of affected area
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Severed Tendon (cont’d)
• Diagnosis
– Patient history
– Physical exam
– Radiographic studies
• Treatment
– Surgery
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Strain, Sprain, Tendonitis
• Strain
– Injury to the muscle
– Results from overexertion or trauma
– Involves stretching or tearing muscle fibers
• Sprain
– Similar to strain but more serious
– Occurs near a joint
– Caused by acute or accumulative trauma
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Strain, Sprain, Tendonitis (cont’d)
• Signs and symptoms of strains and sprains
– Edema (swelling)
– Fibromyositis (muscle and tendon inflammation)
– Myalgia
• Tendonitis may occur with sprain injuries
• Slow healing–up to 6 weeks’ recovery
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Strain, Sprain, Tendonitis (cont’d)
• Diagnosis
– Physical examination
– Radiographic studies
• Treatment
– Limb elevation
– Rest
– Analgesics
– NSAIDs
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Muscular System Trauma Key Terms
hernia
protrusion as a result of
pressure
inguinal hernia
organ protrusion in the
inguinal region
umbilical hernia
organ protrusion through the
abdominal wall under the skin
from increased abdominal
pressure.
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Muscular System Trauma Key Terms
shin splints
pain in anterior tibial region of
lower leg
severed tendon
lacerated tendon
tendinoplasty
surgical removal of a tendon
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Muscular System Trauma Key Terms
strain
injury from overexertion or
trauma; involves stretching or
tearing muscle fibers
sprain
injury near a joint involving
ligament or tendon damage
fibromyositis
muscle and tendon
inflammation
tendonitis
tendon inflammation
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Muscular System Disorders: Tumors
• Muscle tumors are rare
• Two skeletal muscle tumors
– Rhabdomyosarcoma—malignant tumor
– Rhabdomyoma—benign tumor
– Rhabd- and rhabdo- mean striated, indicating
location in the skeletal muscle tissue
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Muscular System Tumors Key Terms
rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant tumor of skeletal
muscle
rhabdomyoma
nonmalignant tumor of
skeletal muscle
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Common Abbreviations: Muscular System
Ach
acetylcholine
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament
ADL
activities of daily living
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
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Common Abbreviations: Muscular System
CP
creatine phosphate
CPK
creatine phosphokinase
DM
dermatomyositis
DMD
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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Common Abbreviations: Muscular System
EMG
electromyogram
MCL
medial collateral ligament
MD
muscular dystrophy
MG
myasthenia gravis
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Common Abbreviations: Muscular Systems
NM junction
neuromuscular
NSAIDs
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory
drugs
OT
occupational therapy
PM
polymyositis
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Common Abbreviations: Muscular System
PT
physical therapy
ROM
range of motion
SR
sarcoplasmic reticulum
WFL
within functional limits
WNL
within normal limits
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