Transcript Muscular System: Functions

1.05 Understand
the functions and
disorders of the
muscular system
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders
of the
muscular system
What are the characteristics of muscles?
What are the functions of the muscular system?
What are common disorders of the muscular system?
How are muscular disorders treated?
How does the muscular system relate to the body’s
support and movement?
1.05 UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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Warm up
1.
Which muscle is on the posterior of the lower leg?
2.
What type of muscle is the stomach wall made of?
3.
Where is the triceps brachii located?
4.
Where is the zygomaticus major located?
5.
What major muscle lies over the ribs?
6.
What are the special circular muscles called?
7.
What is the main muscle in the upper back called?
Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
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Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
the ability of a muscle to reduce
the distance between the parts of
its contents or the space it
surrounds. Shortens muscle fibers
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Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Myoneural stimulation
+
contraction of muscle proteins
=
movement and heat
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Characteristics of Muscles
Contractibility
Neurotransmitter at site of
The sodium-potassium pump of the
membrane of a muscle cell.
The purpose of this slide is to illustrate
the complexity of the process of
movement.
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Characteristics of Muscles
Excitability or
(IRRITABILITY) – the
ability to respond to
certain stimuli by
producing impulses.
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Characteristics of Muscles
Extensibility-the
ability to be
stretched.
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Characteristics of Muscles
Elasticity- ability of
muscle to return to
its original length
when relaxing.
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Muscle Tone
Discuss muscle tone.
Atrophy:
a- without -trophy - tone
Hypertrophy:
hyper- increase –trophy- tone
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Muscle Tone
John just got a cast off his
leg. His calf muscle on the
affected leg is 1” smaller in
diameter than his other calf
muscle.
What happened?
How do you explain this to
him?
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Muscle Tone
Exercise & Training
What are the advantages
of exercise?
Increased blood supply
causes the muscles to
become stronger.
More resistant to fatigue
The heart enlarges to
pump more blood that
causes increased strength.
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Muscle Fatigue
Muscle fatigue:
◦ What causes muscle fatigue?
Decrease oxygen to the muscles causes an increase of lactic
acid which leads to cramps and fatigue.
◦ How does the body correct muscle fatigue?
Rest leads to an increase of oxygen to the muscles.
◦ Is muscle fatigue dangerous? Why / why not?
It can cause injuries, sprains and strains.
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Aerobic and Anaerobic
Exercise
Aerobic- (with oxygen)- walking
running cycling, swimming.
Anaerobic- (without oxygen)- weight
lifting, strength building, yoga.
Movement:
Skeletal Muscle
Receptors in muscles provide the brain with
information about body position and movement.
The brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle.
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Movement
As a muscle contracts, it
pulls the insertion bone
closer to the origin bone.
Movement occurs at the
joint between the origin
and the insertion.
Rule: A muscle’s insertion
bone moves toward its
origin bone.
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Movement
◦Prime mover- Moves muscles in one
direction
◦Antagonist- Causes movement in
opposite direction
◦Synergists- Assists with movement.
Movement:
Digestive System
The nervous system regulates the speed at which food
moves through the digestive tract.
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Movement:
Circulatory System
Heartbeat
The nervous system and hormones regulate the speed at
which the heart beats.
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Posture
Provides support for our skeletal
frames through muscle tone.
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Body Heat
What is the body’s response to cold? Shivering
Why? To produce body heat by muscle movementfriction
How is this response helpful?
Muscles shake to increase energy
How does the body respond to exercise? Sweat to let
the body heat escape.
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Processing
Case Studies
Muscle Fatigue Activity
Day 3
Muscular Disorders
Warm up
What is the special muscle found in the stomach and
anus?
What is the muscle on the posterior lower leg?
What are the 3 muscles in the upper arm?
What thoracic muscle aids in breathing?
What muscle on the skull is attached to the zygoma?
What builds up in muscles when you muscle fatigue?
Muscular Disorders
Myopathy
MYO- MUSCLE
-PATHY- DISEASE
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Fibromyalgia
Discuss the pictures and how they relate to fibromyalgia.
Cause
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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Fibromyalgia
Cause- unknown, possible auto-immune
Symptoms- Women 20-50 years old- Long term body wide pain and
tenderness in muscles, joints, tendons and ligaments.
Diagnosis- Tenderness in 11 of 18 areas.
Treatment- Exercise, PT, Medications- Cymbalta
Prognosis- No known cure
Fibromyalgia
Hernia
Causes
Locations
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
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Hernia
Cause- weakness in the abdominal wall evolves into a
localized hole, or "defect", through which adipose
tissue, or abdominal organs may protrude. Inguinal,
ventral, umbilical, femoral, hiatal.
Symptoms- Pain at the site, a visible or palpable lump.
Diagnosis- Palpable bulge.
Treatment- Surgery to repair hole in fascia.
Prognosis- Excellent with surgery. If no surgical repair,
could become incarcerated with a decrease in blood
flow to the intestines. Can cause death of bowel.
Muscle Spasms
(Involuntary hypertonicity)
Discuss muscle spasms.
Causes
Locations
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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Muscle Spasms
(Involuntary hypertonicity)
Cause- Poor circulation, over exertion, not stretching
before exercising, potassium and magnesium deficiency.
Symptoms- Cramps, pain, muscles become hard and
tight.
Diagnosis- Palpating muscles
Treatment- Find the underlying cause and correct it.
Massage, stretch muscle, apply ice or heat. Eat bananas
to increase potassium.
Prognosis- Excellent
Muscular Dystrophy
Discuss the picture and how it relates to muscular dystrophy.
Cause
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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Muscular Dystrophy
Cause- MD covers over 200 different types of muscular
diseases. Congenital muscle destroying disease. Muscle
fiber degenerate and atrophy due to the absence on
dystrophin, a protein that helps muscle cells intact.
Mostly occurs in males.
Symptoms- Progressive muscular wasting, Poor balance,
Drooping eyelids, Muscle Atrophy, Scoliosis , Inability to
walk, Frequent falls, Waddling gait, Calf deformation,
Limited range of movement, Respiratory difficulty, Joint
contractures, Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmias, Muscle
spasms, pain.
Muscular Dystrophy
Diagnosis- Muscle biopsy, genetic testing
Treatment- Treat the symptoms. Physical
therapy,occupational therapy, orthotic intervention
(e.g., ankle-foot orthosis), speech therapy and
orthopedic instruments (e.g., wheelchairs, standing
frames and powered mobile arm supports) may be
helpful. Inactivity (such as bed rest, sitting for long
periods) and bodybuilding efforts to increase
myofibrillar hypertrophy can worsen the disease.
Prognosis- There is no known cure.
Myasthenia Gravis
Discuss the picture and how it relates to myasthenia gravis.
Antibodies to acetecholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction that
prevents the muscle from contracting.
Cause
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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Myasthenia Gravis
Cause- Rare adult autoimmune disease. Prevents muscle
contractions from occurring. Only affects skeletal muscles.
Symptoms- Droopy eyelids, ocular muscle weakness,
difficulty swallowing and talking, weakness spreads from
head and neck to upper limbs and progresses down the
body. Can spread to the chest and affect the diaphram
which will cause difficulty breathing.
Diagnosis- Blood tests and noted ocular muscle weakness.
Treatment- Immunosuppressant drugs, thymectomy
Prognosis- Can go into remission with drug therapy. No
known cure. Death occurs when respiratory muscles cease
to function.
Strain
What happened here?
What symptoms is this man having? Why?
How will he treat them?
What is his prognosis?
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Strain
Cause- Over stretching of muscle.
Symptoms- localized stiffness, discoloration
and bruising around the strained muscle. Injury to the
tendons or muscles in which the muscle fibers tear.
Diagnosis- Notable bruising, stiffness and pain in
muscle.
Treatment- PRICE- protection, rest, ice, compression
and elevation.
Prognosis- Excellent
Tendonitis
Discuss the pictures and how they relate to tendonitis.
Cause
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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Tendonitis
Cause- Injury caused by repetitive motion to a
joint.
Symptoms- Pain on movement of joint, stiffness.
Swelling, heat and redness.
Diagnosis- Presentation of symptoms.
Treatment- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ,
rest, ice, physical therapy, braces.
Prognosis- Excellent
Tetanus
Discuss the picture and how it relates to tetanus.
Cause
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prognosis
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Tetanus
Cause- caused by the tetanus bacterium Clostridium
tetani – lives in the soil. Lockjaw
Symptoms- Muscle spasms of the skeletal muscles in
the jaw, chest, neck, back, abdominal muscles, and
buttocks. Back muscle spasms often cause arching.
Sometimes the spasms affect muscles that help with
breathing, which can lead to breathing problems.
Diagnosis- Presentation of symptoms
Treatment- Tetanus immunoglobin, antibiotics, valium,
muscle relaxants.
Prognosis- Good if diagnosed early.
Processing
Review and Exam
1.05 Understand the functions and disorders
of the
muscular system
What are the characteristics of muscles?
What are the functions of the muscular system?
What are common disorders of the muscular system?
How are muscular disorders treated?
How does the muscular system relate to the body’s
support and movement?
1.05 UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTIONS AND DISORDERS OF
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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