Transcript Bone and Muscle Previous Exam Review

BONE AND MUSCLE
PREVIOUS EXAM REVIEW
S2011 Exam
1. Of the three types of cartilage in the skeleton,
which one is both an articular cartilage and a
respiratory cartilage?
 hyaline
cartilage
 fibrocartilage
 elastic
cartilage
2. Which of these bones is not in the
appendicular skeleton?
 trapezium
 talus
 hyoid
 radius
 femur
3. An example of an irregular bone would be a:
 humerus
 sternum
 vertebra
 scapula
 frontal
bone
4. When we say that bones protect us we most
commonly mean that:
 bones
provide a framework that supports the
 bones
encircle a vital organ like the brain
 bones
act as levers to move the body
body
 bone
is a reservoir for minerals
5. Which is not associated with spongy osseous
connective tissue?
 diploe
bone
 cancellous
bone
 trabeculae
 concentric
lamellae
6. Canaliculi connect which of these cells to
each other?
 osteoblast
 osteoclast
 osteogenic
 osteocyte
cell
7. Unlike children, the marrow cavity of adults is
often filled with:
 dense
regular CT
 dense
irregular CT
 adipose
CT
 reticular
CT
 blood
CT
8. Which of these structures contains collagen?
 periosteum
 tendon
 compact
B
bone
and C
 All
of the above
9. Cells which secrete osteoid are known as:
 osteoblasts
 osteoclasts
 osteogenice
 osteocytes
cells
10. Which of these components gives bone
hardness?
 Calcium
phosphate
 Proteoglycan
 Glycoprotein
 Collagen
fibers
11. Which of these hormones affects the
lengthening of bone only during puberty?
 a.
thyroid hormone
 b.
growth hormone
 c.
parathyroid hormone
 d.
testosterone
12. If osteoclasts become more active than
osteoblasts in bone repair, which outcome
would be likely?
 a.
bone mass increases
 b.
bone mass decreases
 c.
bone mass remains the same
 d.
hypocalcemia may occur
 e.
hyponatremia may occur
13. Osteomalacia and rickets occur because:
 a.
the bone does not contain enough collagen
 b.
the bone grows too quickly
 c.
calcium levels in bone are low
 d.
there is not enough vitamin B in the blood
14. Which of these wraps around a fascicle of
muscle cells?
 a.
endomysium
 b.
periosteum
 c.
perichondrium
 d.
perimysium
15. Many sarcomeres are strung together to
form a:
 a.
sarcoplasmic reticulum
 b.
t tubule
 c.
sarcolemma
 d.
myofibril
16. The inside of a muscle cell at rest:
 a.
has a negative charge
 b.
has more Na+ than K+ ions
 c.
has more Cl- than Na+ ions
 d.
contains acetylcholine
17. Chemical gated channels are located on:
 a.
the axon terminal
 b.
the motor endplate
 c.
the sarcoplasmic reticulum
 d.
A and B
 e.
B and C
18. A motor unit is:
 a.
one neuron and all the muscle cells it
stimulates
 b.
a bundle of nerve axons
 c.
all the sarcomeres in a muscle cell
 d.
all the sarcomeres in a myofibril
19. Stimulating the muscle more frequently will:
 a.
increase the force produced by the muscle
 b.
decrease the force produced by the muscle
 c.
not change the force produced by the muscle
 20.
Which of these is not part of the relaxation process?
 a.
calcium is put back in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
 b.
acetlycholinesterase acts on acetylcholine
 c.
the sarcomere increases in length
 d.
acetylcholine binds to the muscle cell
 e.
tropomyosin covers the active site
21. After a muscle has been stimulated, there is
a slight pause before force is produced.
 This
period is known as the:
 a.
treppe period
 b.
latent period
 c.
contraction period
 d.
relaxation period
22. The most ATP in a muscle cell is made by:
 a.
creatine phosphate cycle
 b.
glycolysis
 c.
oxidative phosphorylation
 d.
myoglobin
23. Dark muscle cells tend to contain more:
 a.
myoglobin and mitochondria
 b.
enzymes and glysosomes
 c.
vesicles and acetylcholine
 d.
cytoplasm and myofilaments
24. As the sarcomere contracts:
 a.
the length of the myosin molecule shortens
 b.
the distance between the Z lines shorten
 c.
the length of the actin myosin contracts
 d.
the distance between the thick filaments
shorten
25. The role of ATP in the muscle cell does NOT include:
 a.
pumping calcium back into the SR
 b.
pumping sodium into the cell
 c.
disconnecting myosin from actin
 d.
energizing the myosin head to prepare for the power stroke
 e.
all of the above are true
 True
(A) or false (B)
 26.
T During intramembranous ossification, spongy bone forms
first.
 27.
T Bone formation starts about week 8 of embryo
development.
 28.
F Skull bones are formed by endochondral ossification.
 29.
T In endochondral ossification, cartilage CT turns into
bone CT.
 30.
F After puberty, bone stops all growth.
 31.
F Osteoclasts can secrete hydrochloric acid.
 32.
T Hypocalemia can lead to hyperexciatable muscles and
muscle spasms.
T or F
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place in the mitochondria.
The products made by the mitochondria are ATP, CO2, and water.
To make ATP from creatine phosphate, you also need a molecule
of ADP.
Glucose is made of glycogen molecules.
Training by practicing running will grow new blood vessels to your
legs.
Light muscle cells produces ATP quickly through glycolysis, but tire
easily.
One theory about fatigue is that we build up too much oxygen in
our muscles.
Aerobic exercise is a good way to lose fat, because fat can used
by mitochondria in oxidative phosphorylation to make ATP.


33.

34.

35.

36.
T
T
T

F
37. T

38.
T

39.
F

40.
T
Put these stages of Endochondral Ossification in the correct order with A as the first
step and E as the last step. Enter on your scantron.

B cartilage in the diaphysis calcifies and develop cavities
41. ____

D the periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
42. ____

A a bony collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model
43. ____

E the epiphyseal plate ossifies
44. ____

C
45. ____the
diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity is formed.
After bones break, they repair themselves. Put the stages of
bone fracture and repair in the correct order with A as the
first step and E as the last step. Enter on your scantron.

E
46. ____Bone
remodeling occurs

C
47. ____Fibrocartilage
callous forms

D
48. ____Bone
callus forms

B
49. ____Hematoma
forms

A
50. ____Blood
vessels tear
WRITTEN ANSWERS


51. (10) Epiphyseal plate
a. During what time period does the epiphyseal plate grow?


Birth to approximately 21 years of age
b. Discuss what occurs to the cells and matrix in the 4 zones of the
epiphyseal plate, and how it contributes to bone formation.

zone of proliferation


zone of hypertrophy


Chondrocytes enlarge creating spaces in cartilage matrix
zone of calcification


Chondrocytes multiply forming “coin stacks”, cartilage matrix elongates
Chondrocytes die through “apoptosis” as cartilage matrix begins to calcify
zone of bone deposition

Osteoclasts erode cartilage spicules and osteoblasts turn them into spongy
bone
52. (10) The role of calcium.
 a. (2) Name one tissue (besides bone and muscle) that needs calcium to
function, and how it is used.



b. (2) What is hypocalcemia?


Nervous tissue. Calcium triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters
into the synaptic cleft.
Hypocalcemia is a decreased level of blood calcium.
c. (6) Describe the steps that the body uses to detect and correct the
problem of hypocalcemia?




Receptors in the blood vessels detect low blood calcium.
Signal sent to the parathyroid gland which releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)
into the blood stream.
PTH stimulates osteoclasts to dissolve bone, releasing calcium back into the
blood stream.
Increased levels of blood calcium trigger the parathyroid gland to stop
secreting PTH.


53. (10) Between the ages of 60 and 70 many women and men get shorter.
Give an explanation of HOW this occurs and WHY this occurs:
a. How does the body physically shorten?



The body shortens when decreased bone density, osteoporosis, in the spine
causes the vertebrae to collapse.
b. Give one hormonal reason and one lifestyle reason this shortening might
have occurred.

Estrogen and testosterone hormones are responsible for aiding in the deposition of
calcium into the bones. As we age, these hormones can decrease significantly
leading to osteoporosis.

Weight bearing activity helps to maintain normal bone density. Immobility, as in
bed ridden patients, can lead to osteoporosis at any age.
c. What could be done to prevent shortening from occurring later in life?

Eating a healthy diet, rich in calcium when younger can help build stronger
bones, reducing the risk of osteoporosis later in life.

Avoid carbonated and alcoholic beverages which can leach bones of calcium.

Getting plenty of weight bearing exercise through out life will build up bone
strength and provide a better buffer against bone loss.

54. (10) Nerve-muscle cell interaction.
Z Lines
Sarcomere
a. Draw and label a neuromuscular junction. Include:

the axon terminal

the sarcolemma

A sarcomere including: Z lines, 4 thin filaments, 1 thick filament)

the vesicles containing ACh

the motor endplate

ACh receptors

ACh

Synaptic cleft
Thin filament
Thick filament
Axon terminal
Synaptic Cleft
Sarcolemma
Vesicles containing ACh
Motor endplate
ACh
Ach Receptor

(10) Nerve-muscle cell interaction continued

negative
b. At rest, the inside of a cell has a _______________________charge.

ligand/chemical
c. Ach opens ____________________________
gated channels.

sodium
d. When these channels open, _______________
flows into the cell.

positive
e. When a cell is depolarized, the inside of the cell has a ________________
charge.

action potential
f. A moving positive charge inside a cell is called an ________________________________.
voltage
g. A positive moving charge opens ________________________
gated
calcium
_____________________
channels on the SR.

 56.
(10) Muscle contraction. Answer both A and B.
 a.
What is the role of calcium in muscle cell contraction?
Describe how calcium contributes to the contraction and
relaxation of the muscle cell using the names of the parts of the
thin and thick filament, and other organelles in the cell.
 Calcium
released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril
it binds to the troponin molecule on the thin filament which moves
tropomyosin revealing the myosin binding sites on the actin
molecules.
 Myosin
molecules of the thick filament are then able to bind actin
and begin contraction of the sarcomere.
 When
calcium is actively pumped back into the SR, tropomyosin
covers the binding sites on actin, contraction is halted, and
relaxation is initiated.
 56.
(10) Muscle contraction. Answer both A and B
 b.
Bob was unable to lift the weights until he “tried harder”. Using
your knowledge of motor units, describe to Bob in everyday
language how this might have worked.
A
motor unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle cells it
innervates. A muscle can have many motor units controlling
varying numbers of muscle cells.
 When
Bob tried harder, he recruited more motor units to the
muscle.
 With
more motor units activated, he was able to use more muscle
cells in the muscle which created a larger force of contraction.
 This
process is known as spatial summation.

57. A chicken is a champion long distance runner but a very poor long distance flyer due to
different types of skeletal muscle cells. Use what you know about the types of cells to fill in the table
below. You might consider using the terms: many/few, yes/no.

a. Use a chart for comparison of the cell types. Be careful that you know which is which before you
choose this question.
characteristics
Location in chicken
Fast glycolytic cell
Slow oxidative cell
Breast
Legs
mitochondria
Few
Many
myoglobin
Few
Many
Many
Few
Many
Few
Yes
No
No
Yes
Good for slow long distance
No
Yes
Good for fast strong action
Yes
No
Glycolytic enzymes
glysosomes
Anaerobic ATP production
Aerobic ATP production
 57.
 b.
If you were trying to train for a long distance race….what is training
doing to your body? Give one example of an anatomical change that
needs to occur for you to do better in your race.





Training produces a number of changes within your body that help to
improve your endurance and performance.
Respiratory/chest muscles become stronger which helps the lungs draw in
more oxygen for ATP production.
Training encourages the formation of new capillaries/blood vessels to the
muscles. This allows for more oxygen and nutrients to be supplied to the
muscles which increases ATP production. This process takes a few weeks to
develop after training begins.
Training increases the production of myoglobin in the muscles so they are
able to hold more oxygen.
Training increases the number of mitochondria in muscle cells so more ATP
can be produced.
 58.
You astound your friends with your ability to kick your way
across the pool underwater for a full minute without breathing.
Describe two ways that your body can make ATP without using
oxygen.
 a. Explain the creatine phosphate cycle, including the ingredients
needed to make it function and the amount of ATP produced.
 The
creatine-phosphate cycle, also known as direct phosphorylation,
in an anaerobic enzymatic reaction that produces one ATP molecule
per creatine-phosphate (CP) molecule.
 The process requires a CP molecule, an ADP molecule and the
enzyme creatine kinase.
 Creatine kinase takes the phosphate from CP and transfers it to ADP
producing one ATP molecule and creatine.
 This process takes about 6 seconds to begin after the start of activity
and can provide ATP for up to 20 seconds.
 58.
You astound your friends with your ability to kick your way across the
pool underwater for a full minute without breathing. Describe two ways
that your body can make ATP without using oxygen.
 b.
Explain glycolysis, including the ingredients to make it function, and
the amount of ATP produced.

Glycolysis is a series of anaerobic enzymatic reactions that produce 2 ATP
from a single glucose molecule.

The process begins at the start of activity but takes about 20 seconds to
produce ATP and can provide ATP for up to one minute of activity.

A glucose molecule is broken off the glycogen chain and is broken down in
the cytosol by a series of glycolytic enzymes producing 2 ATP and pyruvic
acid.

Pyruvic acid can be further broken down into lactic acid which can be
used by the brain, kidneys and liver to produce ATP. Lactic acid is also
thought to create muscle soreness.