Women and Auto-immune Disease
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Transcript Women and Auto-immune Disease
Bernadette C. Siaton, MD
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology
University of Maryland School of Medicine
NONE
By
the end of this talk, you should be able
to:
Describe the differences between arthralgia and
arthritis
Recognize the symptoms of autoimmune disease
symptoms
Recognize the symptoms of two common
autoimmune connective tissue diseases
Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
Recognize the symptoms of fibromyalgia
Describe
the differences between
inflammatory joint pain and noninflammatory joint pain
Overview of autoimmune disease and its
symptoms and treatment
Briefly discuss some common autoimmune
connective tissue diseases
–Lupus and rheumatoid arthritis
Provide
an overview of fibromyalgia
ARTHRITIS
DIAGNOSIS
Joint pain
Inflammatory
Swelling
Redness
Tenderness
Limitations in range
of motion
Stiffness
ARTHRALGIA
SYMPTOM
Joint pain
Non-inflammatory
Pain without swelling
“achiness”
Varied
group of illnesses that can involve any
human organ system
Nervous, gastrointestinal, endocrine, skin, and
connective tissues
The
body’s immune system becomes
misdirected and attacks its own organs and
tissues
Diseases may affect several systems so many
different types of doctors may be involved in
treatment
More
than 80 types of autoimmune disease
Autoimmune diseases range from very
common to very rare
Some of the more commonly recognized
autoimmune diseases include Hashimoto’s
thyroiditis, lupus, and Grave’s disease
23.5-50
million Americans have autoimmune
disease
75% are women!!!
NIH estimates the impact of auto-immune
disease is more than $100 billion dollars in
direct healthcare costs
www.aarda.org
Cancer $57 billion
Heart and strokes $200 billion
Top
10 cause of death in US women >65 years
old
4th leading cause of disability in US women
In the US the overall risk of developing
autoimmune rheumatic disease is:
8.4% (1 in 12) for women
5.1% (1 in 20) for men
Disease
Female:Male Ratio
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
10:1
Systemic lupus erythematosus
(Lupus)
9:1
Sjogren’s syndrome
9:1
Primary biliary cirrhosis
9:1
Autoimmune hepatitis
8:1
Graves’ disease
7:1
Rheumatoid arthritis
2.5:1
Anti-phospholipid syndrome
(primary)
2:1
Multiple Sclerosis
2:1
Myasthenia gravis
2:1
Women
of childbearing age
Family history of autoimmune disease
(genetics)
People of certain race or ethnic background
(genetics)
Environmental exposures
45%
are labeled chronic complainers early in
the disease
Most patients wait 4.6 years for a formal
diagnosis and see 5 different doctors/
medical professionals
Many of the symptoms are not specific and
may be seen in many other diseases
Fatigue, pain, hair loss
Disease
Symptoms
Alopecia areata
Patchy hair loss on the scalp, face, or other
areas of the body
Vitiligo
White patches on areas of skin, loss of skin color
Graves’ disease
Difficulty sleeping, weight loss, temperature
sensitivity, weakness, tremors
Hashimoto’s
disease
Fatigue, weakness, weight gain, muscle aching,
stiff joints, constipation
Celiac Disease
Abdominal bloating, diarrhea or constipation,
fatigue, rashes, difficulty getting or staying
pregnant
Psoriasis
Thick red patches of scaly skin on head, elbows,
knees, itching, joint pain and swelling (psoriatic
arthritis)
Disease
Symptoms
Lupus
Fever, weight loss, hair loss, fatigue, rashes,
joint pain, sun sensitivity
Scleroderma
Fingers that change color in cold, pain and
swelling in joints, thickening of skin, difficulty
swallowing, diarrhea or constipation
Sjogren’s
syndrome
Dry eyes, dry mouth, fatigue, joint swelling or
pain, swollen glands
Rheumatoid
arthritis
Painful, stiff, swollen joints. Deformities in
joints, fatigue, fever, weight loss, eye pain
Anti-phospholipid
syndrome
Blood clots in your veins and arteries, multiple
miscarriages, lacy skin changes
Chronic
autoimmune disease that affects
more than 1.5 million Americans
90% of persons affected are women
African Americans and Hispanics are more
often affected than whites
Most women diagnosed in child-bearing years
age 15-44
16,000
new cases in the US each year
5 new cases per 100,000 people
3
different types
Systemic lupus –affects various parts of the body
Cutaneous lupus –affects skin only
Drug-induced lupus –triggered by certain
medications
Diagnosis
based on a combination of clinical
findings AND lab tests
Pain
and swollen joints
Color change in the fingertips
Sores in the mouth and nose
Rashes when exposed to the sun
Fever
Chest pain with breathing
Protein in the urine
Fatigue
Depression or memory problems
Hair loss
Treatment
is dependent on the symptoms
Sometimes drugs are used to suppress the
immune system
Steroids, anti-malarials, disease modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS)
Other
treatments are aimed at controlling
symptoms
Pain medications
Regular
medical visits
Exercise
Healthy diet
Sun avoidance
Stress Reduction
Common
type of inflammatory arthritis
Affects small joints of the body
Wrists, hands, ankles, feet, elbows, neck
Patients
may have several hours of stiffness
in the morning or after sitting for too long
RA is associated with swelling and tenderness
of the joints
Commonly patients have difficulty using
hands –opening jars, turning doorknobs, etc.
The
cause of RA is unknown, probably a
combination of genetics and environmental
factors
Smoking may increase risk of developing
RA or may make RA disease worse
Annual incidence is 40 case per 100,000
persons
Prevalence about 1 percent of Whites, but
may be increased in other populations
Risk of developing RA is 1 in 28 for women
and 1 in 59 for men
Goals
of treatment
Stop inflammation (remission)
Relieve symptoms
Prevent long term damage
Preserve functionality and well-being
Medications
Suppress the immune system
Help with symptoms (pain)
steroids, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs
(DMARDS), biologic drugs
Surgery
Physical
Exercise
Therapy
Classically
known as degenerative arthritis or
“wear and tear” arthritis
Joint space narrowing, loss of cartilage
May affect neck, back, hips, knees, and
hands
Pain usually gets worse with activity and
better with rest
Morning stiffness usually less than 30 minutes
Risk factors:
Age, female sex, obesity, previous injury,
occupation, muscle weakness, genetic factors
Medications
Acetaminophen
NSAIDS –ibuprofen, naproxen
Steroid injections
Opioid medications
Intra-articular hyaluronic acid injections
Glucosamine and chondroitin
Non-medication
treatments
Exercise programs, weight loss
Joint replacement for severe cases
If
you are having symptoms that bother you
then get checked out!
Write down a complete family health history and
share with your doctor
Start with your primary care doctor who can help
with referrals to specialists
See a specialist who has experience dealing with
your biggest symptom
Get a second, third, etc opinion if necessary.
Be your own health advocate
Nephrologists (kidney)
Rheumatologists (arthritis and connective tissue)
Endocrinologists (gland and hormones)
Neurologists (brain and nerve)
Hematologists (blood diseases)
Gastroenterologists (digestive system)
Dermatologists (skin)
Physical therapists and occupational therapists
Speech therapists
Audiologists (hearing)
Many
diseases have no cure but can be
controlled with medications
Periods
of flare and remission
Medications
Suppress immune system
Replace substances that the body can no longer
make on its own (thyroid hormones, insulin)
Symptom relief
Eat
healthy, well-balanced meals
Low fat
Lots of fruits and vegetables
Regular
physical activity
Low impact, as tolerated
Walking, swimming, zumba
Rest
Integrative
Acupuncture
Nutrition
Fitness
Stress
medicine
reduction
mindful meditation, yoga, tai chi
Educate
disease
Build
yourself and others about your
a support system
These
are NOT auto-immune diseases
Share similar symptoms
Fatigue, weakness, muscle and joint pain,
forgetfulness, difficulty sleeping
May co-exist with auto-immune disease
Chronic
widespread pain
Affects 2-4% of the population
5
More commonly affects women
million Americans age 18 or older
Unknown cause, but there is an association
with a mentally or physically traumatic event
There may be an abnormality in how the
central nervous system processes pain
Diagnosis of exclusion
http://www.beingfibromom.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/fm-symptoms.jpg
Treatment
of mental health disorders
Counseling, medications, psychotherapy
Low-impact
Walking, aquatic and physical therapy
Good
exercise
sleep hygiene
Sleep study to rule out sleep apnea
Other
Meditation, tai-chi, acupuncture
Depart
of Health and Human Services
www.womenshealth.gov
American Autoimmune Related Disease
Association, Inc. www.aarda.org
Arthritis Foundation www.arthritis.org
Lupus Foundation of America www.lupus.org