Transcript File - Ms. Van Wart`s Science Page

Aim: Locomotion
Regents Biology
Animal Movement
What are the advantages of being mobile?
sessile
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mobile
Lots of ways to get around…
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Lots of ways to get around…
mollusk mammal
bird reptile
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Lots of ways to get around…
bird insect
mammal bird
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Functions of Muscular/Skeletal
 Support
 Protection
 Making blood cells
 Shape
 Movement
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Muscles
involuntary,
contract on
their own
voluntary
involuntary
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evolved
first
Muscles movement
 Muscles do work by
contracting

skeletal muscles come in
antagonistic pairs
 flexor vs. extensor

contracting = shortening
 move skeletal parts
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Muscles movement
1) Tendons
connect bone to muscle
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2) Ligaments
connect bone
to bone
Cartilage
 Protein fibers of elastin and collagen
 No blood vessels (relies on diffusion)
 Flexible, in between joints
Cartilage turns to
bone through
ossification
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Fast twitch & slow twitch muscles
 Slow twitch muscle
fibers
 contract slowly,
but keep going for
a long time
 more mitochondria
for aerobic
respiration
long distance runner
“dark” meat = more blood vessels
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Fast twitch muscle fibers
 contract quickly, but get tired rapidly
sprinter
“white” meat
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Muscle limits
 Muscle fatigue

low O2
 lactic acid lowers pH which
interferes with protein function

nerve fatigue
 Muscle cramps



build up of lactic acid
lack of energy (ATP)
ion imbalance
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Botox
 Bacteria Clostridium botulinum toxin

blocks release of nerve transmitter
muscle
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Skeletal System
 Contains 206 bones
2 main parts:
Axial & Appendicular
Skelton
Axial
•skull, vertebrae, ribs, &
breastbone
Appendicular
•Arms & leg bones
•Pelvic & Shoulder Girdle
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Types of Joints
Ball & Socket
•Shoulder & hips
•Allow movement in ALL directions
ball & socket
Hinge
•Elbow and knee
•Back-and-forth motion
Pivot
•Base of skull
•Allow side-to-side as well as
up-down motion
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hinge
pivot
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Diseases associated with
Locomotion
 ALS
Lou Gehrig’s disease
 motor neurons degenerate

 Myasthenia gravis
auto-immune
 antibodies to
nerve transmitter
chemical

Regents Biology
Stephen Hawking