Transcript ouch that hurts…. sports injuries

OUCH THAT HURTS….
SPORTS INJURIES
PSE 4U LECTURE
PRESENTATION
MR. D. GRAHAM
Department of Health and Physical
Education
Westdale Secondary
School
Sports Injuries
We are living in a time when
interest in sport and fitness has
never been higher.
Correspondingly, our knowledge
about injury and illness as a
result of physical activity has
also increased.
Sport injury  a physical hurt or
damage of the body due to the
participation in a physical
activity
Ligaments
Ligament  a band of fibrous tissue that connects
bone to bone or cartilage to bone, supporting and
strengthening a joint
Joint Line  point where ligament crosses the joint
Synovial fluid provides lubrication and
nourishment where the ligaments join together to
form a joint capsule
Sprain  injury due to sudden forceful movement
that damages ligament, resulting in pain, swelling
and some loss of function
Sprains
First degree  the ligaments are stretched and may
be torn resulting in pain, minimum loss of
function, little swelling
 treat injury with ice and depending
level of pain tolerance, may return to activity
within in a short period
Second degree  the ligaments are stretched and
torn resulting in pain, moderate loss of function,
swelling, instability
 treat injury with ice, allow 6-10
weeks for sprain to heal completely
Third degree  the ligaments are completely torn
resulting in extreme pain, major loss of function,
severe instability
 emergency situation that will require
surgery, allow 12-16 weeks for sprain to heal
Sprains
Strains
Tendon  a fibrous cord by which a muscle is
attached to a bone; contributes to effective
muscle movement
Strain  an injury to muscle tendon caused by
excessive stretching resulting in pain and
swelling
First degree  a slightly pulled muscle
without tearing of tendon fibers and no loss of
strength
Second degree  tearing of fibers in a tendon
and strength is diminished
Third degree  rupture of the muscle-tendonbone attachment with separation of fibers and
requires surgery
Muscle Injuries
Muscle tear  an injury, sometimes called a muscle
pull, resulting in the rupture of muscle tissue and
will limit movement
 the degree of the injury depends on
the depth of the tear, the location of the tear and
the amount torn
Muscle contusion  injury resulting from a direct
blow to the surface of the body and may result in
muscle haematoma (bruise)
 the intensity of a contusion can range
from superficial to deep tissue compression and
hemorrhage
 a contusion or black eye from a blow
to the head while boxing can cause bleeding into
the eyelids
Cartilage
Cartilage  tough and flexible connective tissue
found between bones permitting smooth
movement of joints
Cartilage injury  tear can be caused by a direct
blow to the knee, overuse of an injured knee, or
violent muscle contraction
 resulting in pain
(especially when
bearing weight)
locking of the joint,
‘giving way’ of the
injured area
Knee Injuries
Pivot twisting injuries  occur when foot is fixed
resulting in an injury to the posterior or anterior
cruciate ligament
 for example, when foot is fixed to the ski, quickly
rotating your body can result in damage to the
ligament
Direct contact  tearing of the medial collateral
ligament, the anterior cruciate ligament and
medial cartilage on direct contact
 for example, taking a blow to the knee from the
side with your cleats dug into the ground results
in injury
Deceleration injuries  when athlete decelerates in
a shorted time period in comparison to
acceleration phase
 for example, in basketball one must accelerate
and stop quickly to change directions, resulting in
damage
Knee Injuries
Fractured patella  a complete or incomplete break
in the upper or lower portion of the patella
Osgood-Schlatter disease  attachment of patellar
tendon on the tibial tuberosity is damaged due to
overuse, occurs in children
Q-angle  common female
injury due to a greater
Q-angle or wider pelvis
region, resulting in anterior
cruciate ligament sprains
Osgood-Schlatter disease
Knee Injuries
Unhappy triad  tearing of the medial collateral
ligament, anterior cruciate ligament and medial
cartilage
Patella femoral syndrome  deterioration and softening
of the articular
cartilage of the
kneecap, resulting
in chronic knee pain
Patella femoral syndrome
Testing for Injuries
Ligament  apply force, look for displacement of
joint beyond normal range of motion, checking
non injured side as well
Muscle  palpate, look for swelling, look for pain
during muscle contraction
Active  person produces movement of their own,
look for full range of motion and willingness to
move, compare both sides
Passive  trainer moves the injured joint and
checks for range of motion, checks points of
discomfort, check for joint stability
Resistance  look for a loss of strength, athlete
may be weak and without pain suggesting
damage to the nervous system
Phases of Injury
Acute  zero to 48 hours, most important period as
to flush out scar tissue, rid of swelling by applying
ice to injury
Sub-acute  3 to 5 days post injury, the
rehabilitation phase
Chronic  old or repeated injury, must complete
rehabilitation for a longer length of time
Immediate Care
 the objective of immediate care of soft-tissue
injuries is to reduce inflammation and usually
speeds recovery on injury
Pressure  apply pressure to reduce swelling or
bleeding around joint
Ice  apply ice to injured area for 10 to 20 minutes,
remove for 10 minutes and repeat
Elevate  elevate the injured area above the level
of the heart
Restrict  rest or restrict movement of the injured
area and do not return to activity too soon
Inflammation Signs
 injuries to soft tissue often react by producing inflammation
in the injured area
Swelling  may be immediate or develop over time
Heat  or increased local temperature
Altered  function, such as restricted movement
Redness  or discoloration of injured area
Pain  determined by severity of injury
Concussions
Concussion  sudden loss of consciousness due to
a direct blow resulting in an alteration in vision
and equilibrium
First degree  no actual loss of
consciousness, only a blurring of
consciousness lasting 10 to 20
seconds
Second degree  blurring or loss of
consciousness lasting 20 seconds to
2 minutes, minimal symptoms are
found
Third degree  loss of consciousness
lasting 2 minutes or more
 do not have to lose consciousness to
be concussed and do not have to be
hit in the head to suffer a concussion
Concussions
 the body is travelling at a rapid velocity and
suddenly stops. The brain is travelling at the
same velocity as the body, and when the body
stops, the brain continues to move forward at the
same velocity and direction. The brain hits the
skull and bounces back to hit the other side of the
skull. This occurs because the brain is floating in
cerebral spinal fluid. When the brain strikes the
skull, a portion of the brain is damaged and when
enough damage is done, alterations occur,
resulting in a concussion
 the injured person may appear normal, but may
lapse into state later on. Therefore, the person
should never be left alone
Assessing Concussions
Grade one  remove from game, examine
immediately, person may return in 48 hours
Grade two  remove from game, examine
abnormalities frequently, person may return after
a week
Grade three  seek professional medical aid
immediately, neurological evaluation needed
 always assume the situation is life threatening,
always assume concussion has resulted in neck
injury
A  airway
B  breathing
C  circulation (pulse)
Signs of a Concussion
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face color may be red or pale
skin may be cool and moist
pulse may be rapid, strong, weak, slow
shallow breathing
dilated pupil, vary in size, no response to light
unbalanced stance
‘Rabinski’ rub bottom of foot and no action
count back by 7’s from 100
headaches
Brain anoxia  a state in which there is an
inadequate oxygen supply to the brain tissues
Prevention
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add more foam to helmet
purchase a strong helmet
secure helmet with soft chin strap
use mouth guard
modify rules of game