Transcript Muscular system #1

Muscle Tissue
• Nearly half of body's mass
• Transforms chemical energy (ATP) to
directed mechanical energy  exerts
force
• Three types
– Skeletal
– Cardiac
– Smooth
• Myo, mys, and sarco - prefixes for muscle
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Types of Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal muscles
– Organs attached to bones and skin
– Elongated cells called muscle fibers
– Striated (striped)
– Voluntary (i.e., conscious control)
– Contract rapidly; tire easily; powerful
– Require nervous system stimulation
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Types of Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac muscle
– Only in heart; bulk of heart walls
– Striated
– Can contract without nervous system
stimulation
– Involuntary
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Types of Muscle Tissue
• Smooth muscle
– In walls of hollow organs, e.g., stomach,
urinary bladder, and airways
– Not striated
– Can contract without nervous system
stimulation
– Involuntary
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Table 9.3 Comparison of Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth Muscle (1 of 4)
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Special Characteristics of Muscle Tissue
• Excitability (responsiveness or irritability):
ability to receive and respond to stimuli
• Contractility: ability to shorten forcibly
when stimulated
• Extensibility: ability to be stretched
• Elasticity: ability to recoil to resting length
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Muscle Functions
• Four important functions
– Movement of bones or fluids (e.g., blood)
– Maintaining posture and body position
– Stabilizing joints
– Heat generation (especially skeletal muscle)
• Additional functions
– Protects organs, forms valves, controls pupil
size, causes "goosebumps"
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Skeletal Muscle
• Each muscle served by one artery, one
nerve, and one or more veins
– Enter/exit near central part and branch
through connective tissue sheaths
– Every skeletal muscle fiber supplied by nerve
ending that controls its activity
– Huge nutrient and oxygen need; generates
large amount of waste
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Skeletal Muscle
• Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal
muscle
– Support cells; reinforce whole muscle
– External to internal
• Epimysium: dense irregular connective tissue
surrounding entire muscle; may blend with fascia
• Perimysium: fibrous connective tissue
surrounding fascicles (groups of muscle fibers)
• Endomysium: fine areolar connective tissue
surrounding each muscle fiber
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Figure 9.1 Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.
Bone
Epimysium
Epimysium
Perimysium
Tendon
Endomysium
Muscle fiber
in middle of
a fascicle
Blood vessel
Perimysium
wrapping a fascicle
Endomysium
(between individual
muscle fibers)
Muscle
fiber
Fascicle
Perimysium
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Skeletal Muscle: Attachments
• Attach in at least two places
– Insertion – movable bone
– Origin – immovable (less movable) bone
• Attachments direct or indirect
– Direct—epimysium fused to periosteum of
bone or perichondrium of cartilage
– Indirect—connective tissue wrappings extend
beyond muscle as ropelike tendon or
sheetlike aponeurosis
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Microscopic Anatomy of A Skeletal Muscle
Fiber
• Long, cylindrical cell
– 10 to 100 µm in diameter; up to 30 cm long
• Multiple peripheral nuclei
• Sarcolemma = plasma membrane
• Sarcoplasm = cytoplasm
– Glycosomes for glycogen storage,
myoglobin for O2 storage
• Modified structures: myofibrils,
sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules
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Myofibrils
• Densely packed, rodlike elements
• ~80% of cell volume
• Contain sarcomeres - contractile units
– Sarcomeres contain myofilaments
• Exhibit striations - perfectly aligned
repeating series of dark A bands and light
I bands
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Figure 9.2b Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Diagram of part
of a muscle
fiber showing
the myofibrils.
One myofibril
extends from the
cut end of the
fiber.
Sarcolemma
Mitochondrion
Myofibril
Dark
A band
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Light Nucleus
I band
Striations
• H zone: lighter region in midsection of dark A
band where filaments do not overlap
• M line: line of protein myomesin bisects H zone
• Z disc (line): coin-shaped sheet of proteins on
midline of light I band that anchors thin filaments
and connects myofibrils to one another
• Thick filaments: run entire length of an A band
• Thin filaments: run length of I band and
partway into A band
• Sarcomere: region between two successive Z
discs
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Sarcomere
• Smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of
muscle fiber
• Align along myofibril like boxcars of train
• Contains A band with ½ I band at each
end
• Composed of thick and thin myofilaments
made of contractile proteins
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Figure 9.2c Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Thin (actin)
filament
Small part of one
myofibril
enlarged to show
the myofilaments
responsible for the
banding pattern.
Thick
Each sarcomere
extends from one Z (myosin)
filament
disc to the next.
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Z disc
I band
H zone
Z disc
I band
A band
Sarcomere
M line
Figure 9.2d Microscopic anatomy of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Z disc
Enlargement of
one sarcomere
(sectioned lengthwise). Notice the
myosin heads on
the thick filaments.
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Sarcomere
M line
Z disc
Thin
(actin)
filament
Elastic
(titin)
filaments
Thick
(myosin)
filament
Myofibril Banding Pattern
• Orderly arrangement of actin and myosin
myofilaments within sarcomere
– Actin myofilaments = thin filaments
• Extend across I band and partway in A band
• Anchored to Z discs
– Myosin myofilaments = thick filaments
• Extend length of A band
• Connected at M line
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Ultrastructure of Thick Filament
• Composed of protein myosin
• Each composed of 2 heavy and four light
polypeptide chains
– Myosin tails contain 2 interwoven, heavy
polypeptide chains
– Myosin heads contain 2 smaller, light
polypeptide chains that act as cross bridges
during contraction
• Binding sites for actin of thin filaments
• Binding sites for ATP
• ATPase enzymes
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Ultrastructure of Thin Filament
• Twisted double strand of fibrous protein
F actin
• F actin consists of G (globular) actin
subunits
• G actin bears active sites for myosin head
attachment during contraction
• Tropomyosin and troponin - regulatory
proteins bound to actin
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Figure 9.3 Composition of thick and thin filaments.
Longitudinal section of filaments within one
sarcomere of a myofibril
Thick filament
Thin filament
In the center of the sarcomere, the thick filaments
lack myosin heads. Myosin heads are present only
in areas of myosin-actin overlap.
Thick filament.
Thin filament
Each thick filament consists of many myosin
molecules whose heads protrude at opposite ends
of the filament.
Portion of a thick filament
Myosin head
A thin filament consists of two strands of actin
subunits twisted into a helix plus two types of
regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin).
Portion of a thin filament
Tropomyosin
Troponin Actin
Actin-binding sites
Heads
ATPbinding
site Flexible hinge region
Myosin molecule
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Tail
Active sites
for myosin
attachment
Actin subunits
Actin subunits
Structure of Myofibril
• Elastic filament
– Holds thick filaments in place; helps recoil
after stretch; resists excessive stretching
• Dystrophin
– Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma
• Nebulin, myomesin, C proteins bind
filaments or sarcomeres together; maintain
alignment
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)
• Network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum
surrounding each myofibril
– Most run longitudinally
• Pairs of terminal cisternae form
perpendicular cross channels
• Functions in regulation of intracellular Ca2+
levels
– Stores and releases Ca2+
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T Tubules
•
•
•
•
Continuations of sarcolemma
Lumen continuous with extracellular space
Increase muscle fiber's surface area
Penetrate cell's interior at each A band–I
band junction
• Associate with paired terminal cisterns to
form triads that encircle each sarcomere
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Figure 9.5 Relationship of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T tubules to myofibrils of skeletal muscle.
Part of a skeletal
muscle fiber (cell)
I band
Z disc
Myofibril
Sarcolemma
A band
H zone
M
line
I band
Z disc
Sarcolemma
Triad:
• T tubule
• Terminal
cisterns of
the SR (2)
Tubules of
the SR
Myofibrils
Mitochondria
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Triad Relationships
• T tubules conduct impulses deep into
muscle fiber; every sarcomere
• Integral proteins protrude into
intermembrane space from T tubule and
SR cistern membranes–act as voltage
sensors
• SR foot proteins: gated channels that
regulate Ca2+ release from SR cisterns
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Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
• Generation of force
• Does not necessarily cause shortening of
fiber
• Shortening occurs when tension
generated by cross bridges on thin
filaments exceeds forces opposing
shortening
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Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
• In relaxed state, thin and thick filaments
overlap only at ends of A band
• Sliding filament model of contraction
– During contraction, thin filaments slide past
thick filaments  actin and myosin overlap
more
– Occurs when myosin heads bind to actin 
cross bridges
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Sliding Filament Model of Contraction
• Myosin heads bind to actin; sliding begins
• Cross bridges form and break several
times, ratcheting thin filaments toward
center of sarcomere
– Causes shortening of muscle fiber
– Pulls Z discs toward M line
• I bands shorten; Z discs closer; H zones
disappear; A bands move closer (length stays
same)
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Figure 9.6 Sliding filament model of contraction.
Slide 2
1 Fully relaxed sarcomere of a muscle fiber
Z
I
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H
A
Z
I
Figure 9.6 Sliding filament model of contraction.
Slide 3
2 Fully contracted sarcomere of a muscle fiber
Z
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I
Z
A
I
Figure 9.6 Sliding filament model of contraction.
Slide 4
1 Fully relaxed sarcomere of a muscle fiber
H
A
Z
I
Z
I
2 Fully contracted sarcomere of a muscle fiber
Z
Z
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I
A
I
Physiology of Skeletal Muscle Fibers
• For skeletal muscle to contract
– Activation (at neuromuscular
junction)
• Must be nervous system stimulation
• Must generate action potential in
sarcolemma
– Excitation-contraction coupling
• Action potential propagated along
sarcolemma
• Intracellular Ca2+ levels must rise briefly
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Figure 9.7 The phases leading to muscle fiber contraction.
Action potential (AP) arrives at axon
terminal at neuromuscular junction
ACh released; binds to receptors
on sarcolemma
Phase 1
Motor neuron
stimulates
muscle fiber
(see Figure 9.8).
Ion permeability of sarcolemma changes
Local change in membrane voltage
(depolarization) occurs
Local depolarization (end plate
potential) ignites AP in sarcolemma
AP travels across the entire sarcolemma
AP travels along T tubules
Phase 2:
Excitation-contraction
coupling occurs (see
Figures 9.9 and 9.11).
SR releases Ca2+; Ca2+ binds to
troponin; myosin-binding sites
(active sites) on actin exposed
Myosin heads bind to actin;
contraction begins
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The Nerve Stimulus and Events at the
Neuromuscular Junction
• Skeletal muscles stimulated by somatic
motor neurons
• Axons of motor neurons travel from central
nervous system via nerves to skeletal
muscle
• Each axon forms several branches as it
enters muscle
• Each axon ending forms neuromuscular
junction with single muscle fiber
– Usually only one per muscle fiber
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Figure 9.8 When a nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (ACh) is released.
Slide 2
1 Action potential arrives at axon
terminal of motor neuron.
Synaptic vesicle
containing ACh
Axon terminal
of motor neuron
Synaptic
cleft
Fusing synaptic
vesiclesa
ACh
Junctional
folds of
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm of
muscle fiber
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Figure 9.8 When a nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (ACh) is released.
Slide 3
1 Action potential arrives at axon
terminal of motor neuron.
2 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
open. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
moving down its electochemical
gradient.
Synaptic vesicle
containing ACh
Axon terminal
of motor neuron
Synaptic
cleft
Fusing synaptic
vesiclesa
ACh
Junctional
folds of
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm of
muscle fiber
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Figure 9.8 When a nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (ACh) is released.
Slide 4
1 Action potential arrives at axon
terminal of motor neuron.
2 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
open. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
moving down its electochemical
gradient.
3 Ca2+ entry causes ACh (a
neurotransmitter) to be released
by exocytosis.
Synaptic vesicle
containing ACh
Axon terminal
of motor neuron
Synaptic
cleft
Fusing synaptic
vesiclesa
ACh
Junctional
folds of
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm of
muscle fiber
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Figure 9.8 When a nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (ACh) is released.
Slide 5
1 Action potential arrives at axon
terminal of motor neuron.
2 Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
open. Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
moving down its electochemical
gradient.
3 Ca2+ entry causes ACh (a
neurotransmitter) to be released
by exocytosis.
4 ACh diffuses across the synaptic
cleft and binds to its receptors on
the sarcolemma.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Synaptic vesicle
containing ACh
Axon terminal
of motor neuron
Synaptic
cleft
Fusing synaptic
vesiclesa
ACh
Junctional
folds of
sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm of
muscle fiber
Figure 9.8 When a nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (ACh) is released.
5 ACh binding opens ion
channels in the receptors that
allow simultaneous passage of
Na+ into the muscle fiber and K+
out of the muscle fiber. More Na+
ions enter than K+ ions exit,
which produces a local change
in the membrane potential called
the end plate potential.
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Postsynaptic membrane
ion channel opens;
ions pass.
Slide 6
Figure 9.8 When a nerve impulse reaches a neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine (ACh) is released.
6 ACh effects are terminated by
its breakdown in the synaptic
cleft by acetylcholinesterase and
diffusion away from the junction.
ACh
Degraded ACh
Acetylcholinesterase
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Ion channel closes;
ions cannot pass.
Slide 7
Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)
• Situated midway along length of muscle fiber
• Axon terminal and muscle fiber separated by
gel-filled space called synaptic cleft
• Synaptic vesicles of axon terminal contain
neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh)
• Junctional folds of sarcolemma contain ACh
receptors
• NMJ includes axon terminals, synaptic cleft,
junctional folds
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Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
• Nerve impulse arrives at axon terminal 
ACh released into synaptic cleft
• ACh diffuses across cleft and binds with
receptors on sarcolemma 
• Electrical events  generation of action
potential
PLAY
A&P Flix™: Events at the Neuromuscular Junction
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Destruction of Acetylcholine
• ACh effects quickly terminated by enzyme
acetylcholinesterase in synaptic cleft
– Breaks down ACh to acetic acid and choline
– Prevents continued muscle fiber contraction in
absence of additional stimulation
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Figure 9.11 Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an
action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.
Actin
Troponin
The aftermath
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Tropomyosin
blocking active sites
Myosin
Slide 6
Figure 9.11 Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an
action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.
Slide 7
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
blocking active sites
Myosin
Active sites exposed and
ready for myosin binding
The aftermath
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3 Calcium binds to
troponin and removes
the blocking action of
tropomyosin. When Ca2+
binds, troponin changes
shape, exposing binding
sites for myosin (active
sites) on the thin filaments.
Figure 9.11 Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an
action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.
Slide 8
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
blocking active sites
Myosin
Active sites exposed and
ready for myosin binding
Myosin
cross
bridge
The aftermath
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3 Calcium binds to
troponin and removes
the blocking action of
tropomyosin. When Ca2+
binds, troponin changes
shape, exposing binding
sites for myosin (active
sites) on the thin filaments.
4 Contraction begins:
Myosin binding to actin
forms cross bridges and
contraction (cross bridge
cycling) begins. At this
point, E-C coupling is over.
Figure 9.11 Excitation-contraction (E-C) coupling is the sequence of events by which transmission of an
action potential along the sarcolemma leads to the sliding of myofilaments.
Steps in E-C Coupling:
Voltage-sensitive
tubule protein
Sarcolemma
T tubule
2 Calcium ions are released.
Transmission of the AP along the
T tubules of the triads causes the
voltage-sensitive tubule proteins to
change shape. This shape change
opens the Ca2+ release channels in
the terminal cisterns of the
sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR),
allowing Ca2+ to flow into the
cytosol.
Ca2+
release
channel
PLAY
Terminal
cistern
of SR
A&P Flix™:
Excitationcontraction
coupling.
Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
blocking active sites
Myosin
Active sites exposed and
ready for myosin binding
Myosin
cross
bridge
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1 The action potential (AP)
propagates along the
sarcolemma and down the
T tubules.
3 Calcium binds to
troponin and removes
the blocking action of
tropomyosin. When Ca2+
binds, troponin changes
shape, exposing binding
sites for myosin (active
sites) on the thin filaments.
4 Contraction begins:
Myosin binding to actin
forms cross bridges and
contraction (cross bridge
cycling) begins. At this
point, E-C coupling is over.
The aftermath
When the muscle AP ceases, the voltage-sensitive tubule proteins return to
their original shape, closing the Ca2+ release channels of the SR. Ca2+
levels in the sarcoplasm fall as Ca2+ is continually pumped back into the
SR by active transport. Without Ca2+, the blocking action of tropomyosin is
restored, myosin-actin interaction is inhibited, and relaxation occurs. Each
time an AP arrives at the neuromuscular junction, the sequence of
E-C coupling is repeated.
Slide 9
Role of Calcium (Ca2+) in Contraction
• At low intracellular Ca2+ concentration
– Tropomyosin blocks active sites on actin
– Myosin heads cannot attach to actin
– Muscle fiber relaxed
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Role of Calcium (Ca2+) in Contraction
• At higher intracellular Ca2+ concentrations
– Ca2+ binds to troponin
• Troponin changes shape and moves tropomyosin
away from myosin-binding sites
• Myosin heads bind to actin, causing sarcomere
shortening and muscle contraction
– When nervous stimulation ceases, Ca2+
pumped back into SR and contraction ends
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Cross Bridge Cycle
• Continues as long as Ca2+ signal and
adequate ATP present
• Cross bridge formation—high-energy
myosin head attaches to thin filament
• Working (power) stroke—myosin head
pivots and pulls thin filament toward M line
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Cross Bridge Cycle
• Cross bridge detachment—ATP attaches
to myosin head and cross bridge detaches
• "Cocking" of myosin head—energy from
hydrolysis of ATP cocks myosin head into
high-energy state
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Figure 9.12 The cross bridge cycle is the series of events during which myosin heads pull thin filaments
toward the center of the sarcomere.
Actin
Ca2+ Thin filament
Myosin
cross bridge
PLAY
A&P Flix™: The
Cross Bridge
Cycle
Slide 6
Thick
filament
Myosin
1 Cross bridge formation.
Energized myosin head attaches
to an actin myofilament, forming
a cross bridge.
ATP
hydrolysis
4 Cocking of the myosin head.
As ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi,
the myosin head returns to its
prestroke high-energy, or “cocked,”
position. *
*This cycle will continue as long
as ATP is available and Ca2+ is
bound to troponin.
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2 The power (working) stroke. ADP
and Pi are released and the myosin head
pivots and bends, changing to its bent
low-energy state. As a result it pulls the
actin filament toward the M line.
In the absence
of ATP, myosin
heads will not
detach, causing
rigor mortis.
3 Cross bridge detachment. After ATP
attaches to myosin, the link between myosin
and actin weakens, and the myosin head
detaches (the cross bridge “breaks”).
Homeostatic Imbalance
• Rigor mortis
– Cross bridge detachment requires ATP
– 3–4 hours after death muscles begin to stiffen
with weak rigidity at 12 hours post mortem
• Dying cells take in calcium  cross bridge
formation
• No ATP generated to break cross bridges
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